Architektura – znamię człowieczeństwa

RIKXPDQLW\ 

 

 0Q

-DQ:DGRZVNL

$UFKLWHFWXUH±WKHKDOOPDUNRIKXPDQLW\

(DFK FLYLOLVDWLRQ LV GHILQHG E\ LWV DWWLWXGH WR WLPH

7KHZD\LQZKLFKWLPHLVXQGHUVWRRGDOVRGHWHUPLQHVWKH

ZD\RIOLIH7LPHLVLQFHVVDQWO\VKDSHGE\XVLQRXUPRG

HUQWLPHVLWLVPRUHRIWHQGRQHWKURXJKFRPPXQLFDWLRQ

DQGWKHVSHHGRILQIRUPDWLRQWUDQVIHU:HFDQDOVRIRUP

VSDFHZKLFKLVµFU\VWDOOLVHGWLPH¶>S@$V/HLEQL]

SXW LW WKLV FRQVWLWXWHV µRUGHU RI FRH[LVWHQFH¶ RI WKLQJV

&LYLOLVDWLRQPRGHOVLWV VSDFHWLPH WKDQNVWRDUFKLWHFWXUH

EHFDXVH 0DQ LVD VSDWLRWHPSRUDO FUHDWXUH > S@

µ6SDWLRWHPSRUDO¶QDWXUHRIPDQPHDQVWKDWPDQEXLOGVKLV

RZQFXOWXUDOO\GHWHUPLQHGH[SHULHQFHRIGLPHQVLRQV,WLV

UHIOHFWHGLQPDQ¶VSODQVDQGGHVLJQV

$FFRUGLQJ WR .RSDOLĔVNL DUFKLWHFWXUH LV D GRPDLQ

ZKLFK RUJDQLVHV DQG VKDSHV VSDFH LQ RUGHU WR VDWLVI\

KXPDQ QHHGV VFLHQFHRIGHVLJQLQJ DQG HUHFWLQJ EXLOG

LQJV



>S@2IFRXUVHWKHGHILQLWLRQRIµQHHG¶LVQRW

FOHDUFXW LQDVPXFK DV ZH FDQ KDYH QHHGV ZKLFK DUH

µGRZQWRHDUWK¶ IRU H[DPSOH SURWHFWLRQ IURP FROG RU

µVXEOLPH¶IRULQVWDQFHDSRVVLELOLW\RIKDYLQJDSODFHRI

ZRUVKLS ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV LI ZH ZLVK WR WKLQN DERXW

GHVLJQLQJDQGHUHFWLQJDVKHOWHUWKDWLVDOVREHDXWLIXOZH

QHHG DGYDQFHG FRJQLWLYH DELOLWLHV DV ZHOO DV VNLOOV RI

WUDQVIRUPLQJUHIOHFWLRQVDQGYLVLRQVLQWRDPDWHULDOUHDO

L]DWLRQ

2XUDFWLRQVODUJHO\GHSHQGRQKRZZHSHUFHLYHPDQ

LH ZKLFK KXPDQ IHDWXUHV ZH WUHDW DV REYLRXV DQG

XQTXHVWLRQDEOHDVSHFWVRIKXPDQLW\DQGZKLFKZHFRQ

VLGHU DV GLVWRUWLRQ RU HYHQ GHKXPDQL]DWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH

ZKHQ GLVFXVVLQJ QHHGV ZH FDQQRW IRUJHW WKDW D JLYHQ

DSSURDFKUHVXOWVIURPDPRUHJHQHUDODQGSHUKDSVXQUH

IOHFWLYHEDFNJURXQGLQZKLFKVRPHVSHFLILFFRQWH[WVRI

KXPDQH[SHULHQFHDUHFRQWDLQHGVXFKDVELUWKFRUSRUDO

LW\ DZDUHQHVV ORYH ZRUN HWF > S @ 2EYLRXVO\

WKLVEDFNJURXQGDOVRLQFOXGHVDSDUWLFXODUWKHRU\RIPDQ

(YHQ ZKHQ ZH WDON DERXW µGHDWK RI PDQ¶ DQG µSRVW

KXPDQ¶WKLQJVZHXQGHUVWDQGKXPDQLW\DQGKXPDQLVP

LQDSDUWLFXODUZD\VHDUFKLQJDQHZVSDFHWLPHIRUXVLQ

WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH IXWXUH SHUKDSV KDYLQJ LQ PLQG

PRUHYLUWXDODQGQHWZRUNDUFKLWHFWXUH>S@$VZH

FDQ VHH RXU QHHGV HYROYH DQG DUH VXEMHFW WR FKDQJH

HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH HUD RI SUHVVXUH IURP DGYHUWLVLQJ DQG

HQYLURQPHQW

$UFKLWHFWXUH LV FUHDWHG DFFRUGLQJ WR KXPDQ QHHGV

+RZHYHU D SKLORVRSKHU PD\ DVN ZKR FUHDWHV WKHVH

QHHGV" :KDW LV WKH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH VXEMHFW RI QHHGV

ZKLFKOHDGWRDUFKLWHFWXUDODFWLRQV",QRWKHUZRUGVZKR

LV PDQ" ,QRXU PRGHUQ WLPHVZH KDYH QXPHURXV FRQ

FHSWV FUHDWLQJ YDULRXV WUXWKV DERXW PDQ 0RVW RI WKHP

DUHUHGXFWLRQLVWLFFRQFHSWV3HUFHLYLQJPDQRQO\WKURXJK

WKHSULVPRIKLVQHHGVFRQVWLWXWHVUHGXFWLRQLVPLQLWVHOI

$PDQLVDSHUVRQDQGPDQ¶VWUXWKLVDOVRSHUVRQDO>

S @ µ,QWHUQDOLVHG¶ DQG SHUVRQDO QDWXUH RI WUXWK LV

LQH[WULFDEO\OLQNHGZLWKKXPDQGLJQLW\DQGGHYHORSPHQW

RIIUHHGRP





+HQFHSDUWLFXODUGHFLVLRQVDUHFRQGLWLRQHGE\DJHQ

HUDO FXOWXUDOO\ GHWHUPLQHG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH VHQVH

DQGHVVHQFHRIDKXPDQOLIHDQGLWVSULRULWLHV$UFKLWHFWXUH

DOVR GHYHORSHG GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI

KXPDQLW\ %XLOGLQJV DQGXUEDQSODQV UHIOHFWHG WKHZD\

LQZKLFKSHRSOHXQGHUVWRRGWKHVHQVHRIKXPDQOLIHRQ

(DUWKPDQ¶VSODFHUROHDQGGHVWLQ\DIWHUGHDWK$SKLOR

VRSKLFDODSSURDFKWRDUFKLWHFWXUHFDQWHOOXVDORWDERXW

RXUVHOYHVDQGRXUµLQWHUQDODUFKLWHFWXUH¶DQGWKDQNVWRLW

ZH FDQ DG KRF FUHDWH QHZ FRQFHSWV RI WKH SUREOHP RI

JRRGDQGHYLO

1HHGVUHVXOWIURPWKHHQWLUHH[LVWHQWLDOKXPDQVWUXF

WXUH IURP WKH OHYHO RI KXPDQ DZDUHQHVV DQG FXOWXUH

ZKLFK GHWHUPLQHV WKHLU PHDVXUH DQG SURSRUWLRQV 7KH

OHYHORIDGGUHVVLQJQHHGVZKLFKDUHGHWHUPLQHGELRORJL



+RZHYHUDUELWUDULQHVVEHFRPHVDZRUVHFRQVWUDLQWWKDQPRGHUD

WLRQDQGFXOWXUHRIVSDFHZKLFKLQRXUFRXQWU\LVRIWHQGHYDVWDWHGDQG

KRPRJHQL]HG



,QVWLWXWHRI+XPDQLVWLF6FLHQFHV3KLORVRSKLFDO$QWKURSRORJ\DQG

(WKLFV:URFáDZ8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\

 -DQ:DGRZVNL

FDOO\FXOWXUDOO\DQGE\RXUFLYLOLVDWLRQGHSHQGVDOVRRQ

WKHDFFHVVWRSRVVLELOLWLHVDVUHJDUGVPDWHULDOVWHFKQROR

JLHVFRQVWUXFWLRQDOVNLOOVHWF([SOLFLWVKDSHVRIKXPDQ

QHHGV VRFLDO VWUXFWXUH DQG PDQ¶V ZD\V RI WKLQNLQJ DUH

DOVRH[KLELWHGLQDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGLWVVW\OHV,QP\RSLQ

LRQKRZHYHUPRVWRIWKHKXPDQQHHGVDUHWKHHIIHFWRI

WKH OHYHO RI PDQ¶V DZDUHQHVV ZKLFK DOWKRXJK FRQGL

WLRQHGE\ELRORJ\FUHDWHVYDULRXVQHHGVWKURXJKFXOWXUH

IURP WKH SRLQW RI YLHZ RI VXUYLYDO WKHVH QHHGV VHHP

XQQHFHVVDU\ DV WKH\ UHVXOW IURP µD WUDQVFHQGHQFH IDF

WRU¶:HFRXOGHYHQVD\WKDWWKHH[LVWHQFHRIVRPHERG\

ZKRRQO\WKLQNVDERXWELRORJLFDOQHHGVGRHVQRWGHVHUYH

WR EH FDOOHG KXPDQ 7KHUH H[LVWV D GRPDLQ RI QHHGV

IRUJRWWHQ LQ RXU WLPHV ZKLFK UHTXLUHV GHVLJQLQJ

DµKRXVHRIKXPDQLW\¶QRWRQO\DµPDFKLQHIRUOLYLQJ¶

7KLVGRPDLQLVEHFRPLQJPRUHDQGPRUHYLVLEOHWKURXJK

YDULRXVFLYLOLVDWLRQGLVHDVHVVXFKDVVXLFLGHVRUGHSUHV

VLRQV$UFKLWHFWXUH FDQSOD\DVLJQLILFDQWSDUWKHUHIXO

ILOOLQJD WKHUDSHXWLFDQG SURSK\ODFWLFIXQFWLRQ)LUVW RI

DOO KRZHYHU ZKDW ZH QHHG LV DQ LQWHJUDO DWWLWXGH

WRZDUGVPDQFRPSULVLQJPDLQO\WKHQHHGIRUDVHQVHRI

OLIHDOVRUHIHUUHGWRDVDQHRWLFGLPHQVLRQ>SQ@

0DQLVDQDXWRWHOLFYDOXHKHLVDYDOXHLQKLPVHOI+H

GHILQHV WKH OHYHO DQG PDQQHU RI VDWLVI\LQJ QDWXUDO DQG

DUWLILFLDOQHHGVZLWKLQWKHDUHDRIDJLYHQFXOWXUH&XOWXUH

GHYHORSHGDFHUWDLQWKHRU\RIPDQDQGKLVJRRGDVZHOODV

WKHPRGHORIDXWRWHOLFVHQVH



)RUH[DPSOHFXOWXUHRIWKH

FLYLOL]DWLRQRIWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HDEDVLQLVEDVHGRQWKH

SULYDWLRQDOFRQFHSWRIDQHHGZKLFKLVPDLQO\H[SUHVVHG

LQGLDOHFWLFVRIODFNDQGIUXVWUDWLRQDQGUHPRYLQJWKHPE\

IXOILOPHQW 7KH HVVHQFH RI D QHHG LV GHWHUPLQHG E\ GLV

WDQFHEHWZHHQPDQDQGWKHZRUOG>S@+RZHYHULQ

WKH*UHHNFXOWXUHDVZHOODVLQ&KULVWLDQLW\WKHUHDSSHDUV

DFRQWHPSODWLYHDQGUHIOHFWLYHIDFWRUSRLQWLQJWRWKHSRV

VLELOLW\RIEHLQJ OLEHUDWHGIURP DQH[FHVVLYHSUHVVXUH RI

PDWHULDOQHHGV

7KHUHDUHQRGRXEWVWKDWDQFLHQW*UHHFHDQG-XGDLVP

&KULVWLDQLW\KDGDVLJQLILFDQFHLQIOXHQFHRQRXUZHVWHUQ

XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI PDQ 7KH &KULVWLDQ FRQFHSW RI PDQ

HVSHFLDOO\FU\VWDOOL]HGLQWKH0LGGOH$JHVSODFHGPDQDV

SDUW RI 7UDQVFHQGHQFH GUDZLQJ RQ *UHHN WKLQNLQJ EXW

LQWURGXFLQJ VSHFLILFDOO\ RULJLQDO HOHPHQWV FRQQHFWHG

ZLWK WKHRORJLFDO DQG WHOHRORJLFDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI

D KXPDQ EHLQJ )RU LQVWDQFH LQ WKH *UHHN FRQFHSW

HPSKDVLVZDVSODFHG RQUDWLRQDOLW\DQG SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ

WKHWULDG7UXWK*RRG%HDXW\ZKHUHDV&KULVWLDQLW\XQGHU

OLQHG WKH LPSRUWDQFHRIPRUDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQDQGµVSLU

LWXDOPDQ¶>6W3DXO@

7KHFRPSOH[LW\RIKXPDQQHHGVUHVXOWVIURPWKHIDFW

WKDWPDQ LVD FUHDWXUHZLWK IHDWXUHV ZKLFK DUH GLDPHWUL

FDOO\RSSRVHGWR HDFKRWKHU$V,DOUHDG\PHQWLRQHG DQ

XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI PDQ LV FRQGLWLRQHG E\ WKH FULWHULRQ

ZKLFKZHDVVXPHDVWKHPRVWJHQHUDORQH6RPHUHVHDUFK

HUVSUHVHQW PDQLQ WKH PRGHO RI VWUXFWXUH± ZKLFKLV VR

FORVHWRDUFKLWHFWXUH±ZKHUHEDVLFDQGVHFRQGDU\IHDWXUHV

DUH H[SRVHG 7KH VWUXFWXUH RI HOHPHQWV ZKLFK IRUP

DKXPDQ FRQVWUXFWLRQXVXDOO\ KDGD KLHUDUFKLFFKDUDFWHU



&IIRUH[DPSOH>SQ@

DQGWKHLVVXHRIZKLFKSURSHUWLHVDUHIXQGDPHQWDODJDLQ

D UHIHUHQFH WR WKH VSDWLDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG ZKLFK DUH

PDUJLQDOZDVZLGHO\GLVFXVVHGWKURXJKRXWFHQWXULHV7KH

µVSDWLDO¶FRQFHSWRIPDQVHHPVWREHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK

RXUPDQQHURIOHDUQLQJDERXWWKHZRUOGZKLFKLVDUUDQJHG

LQWRVWUXFWXUHVDQGPRGHOV

,Q RWKHU ZRUGV LI ZH ZLVK WR FUHDWH DUFKLWHFWXUH LQ

DFFRUGDQFHZLWKPDQDQGKLVSRVVLELOLWLHVLWRXJKWWREH

EDVHGRQWKHLQWHJUDOYLVLRQRIDKXPDQEHLQJWKDWQHHGV

FRQWDFW ZLWK QDWXUH DQG DQRWKHU PDQ DV ZHOO DV ZLWK

7UDQVFHQGHQFH+RZHYHUDUFKLWHFWXUHPD\ GHSULYH PDQ

RIIUHHGRP GLJQLW\HWF PDLQO\ EHFDXVH RI WKHIDFW WKDW

WKH SURFHVV RI GHVLJQLQJ LV EDVHG RQ UHGXFWLRQLVP

7KHUHIRUHLWVHHPVWKDWDUFKLWHFWXUHUHTXLUHVQRWRQO\HOH

PHQWVRIFXOWXUDODQWKURSRORJ\EXWDOVRDQWKURSRORJ\LQ

WKHSKLORVRSKLFDOGLPHQVLRQ

3KLORVRSKLFDO DQWKURSRORJ\ ZKLFK ZDV GHYHORSHG E\

WKH 

FHQWXU\ UHVHDUFKHUV 6FKHOHU 3OHVVQHU *HKOHQ

UHMHFWHGWKHVFLHQWLILFWUDGLWLRQWKDWFRQVLGHUHGPDQWREH

DQDEVWUDFWLRQE\VWDUWLQJZLWKDVSHFLILFELRORJLFDOHQWLW\

H[LVWLQJ LQ WKH KLVWRU\ DQG VRFLHW\



 ,Q D VHQVH LW SUR

FODLPHGDPRGHUQ FRQFHSW RIPDQGHVFULELQJ KLV H[WUD

FXOWXUDO VSHFLILF IHDWXUHV ,W UHMHFWHG VXSHUQDWXUDOLVWLF

WKHVHVLQFOXGLQJWKHFRQFHSWRIVRXODQGPDQDVDQLPDJH

RI*RG DQG LW FHQWHUHG RQ ELRORJLFDO SXUHO\ DQLPDO IHD

WXUHVDOWKRXJKUHWDLQLQJDVLQ6FKHOHUDVSLULWXDOFDWHJR

U\ZKLFKLVDIDFWRUGHFLGLQJDERXWWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQ

PDQDQGDQLPDO>S@+XPDQRSHQQHVVWRWKHZRUOG

ZKLFKPDQSRVVHVVHVLQKHUHQWO\DVDQLPPDWHULDOIDFWRU

PDNHVPDQDGMXVWWKHHQYLURQPHQWWRKLVRZQEHOLHIVDQG

QHHGV>S@

2QWKHRWKHUKDQGH[LVWHQWLDOLVPLQSKLORVRSK\SRLQW

HGWRWKHIDFWWKDWPDQILUVWRIDOOH[LVWVH[SHULHQFHVKLV

OLIH KHUH DQG QRZ LQ D SDUWLFXODU SODFH QDPHO\ LQ WKH

VSHFLILF VSDFH +RZHYHU PDQ LV D G\QDPLF H[LVWHQFH

UDWKHUWKDQDFORVHGPRQDG±DVXEMHFWLYHFRQVFLRXVDQG

UHODWLYHO\ RSHQ V\VWHP $UFKLWHFWXUH HQDEOHV PRGHOOLQJ

FKDQJHDEOH IORZV RI H[SHULHQFLQJ EHLQJ µKHUH¶

+HLGHJJHU¶V'DVHLQ,QRXUWLPHVDVDUHVXOWRITXLFN

FLYLOLVDWLRQ FKDQJHV ZH H[LVW LQ YDULRXV µFRQWH[WV RI

GHKXPDQLVDWLRQ¶PDQLIHVWDWLRQVRIZKLFKFDQEHQRWLFHG

PRUHDQGPRUHRIWHQ3K\VLFDOWR[LFLW\LVDFFRPSDQLHGE\

LQIRUPDWLRQDO VRFLDO PHQWDO RU HYHQ VSLULWXDO WR[LFLW\

0RGHUQ DUFKLWHFWXUH UHIOHFWV QRPDGLF FXOWXUH DQG WKH

PRGHO RI D ZRUNDKROLF DQG FRQVXPHU ZKR LV GHYRLG RI

LGHQWLW\$VLQJOHFRPPHUFLDOOLIHVW\OHWUHQGVHHPVWREH

D VXLFLGDO ZD\ ERWK ELRORJLFDOO\DQG VRFLDOO\ DV ZHOO DV

FXOWXUDOO\ ZKLOH DUFKLWHFWXUH LV DGMXVWHG WR WKHVH OHWKDO

WUHQGVRIFLYLOLVDWLRQ

6LQFHSUDFWLFHRIOLIHFDQQRWZDLWHQGOHVVO\IRUGHWDLOHG

VFLHQFHVRUSKLORVRSKLHVWRFRPHXSZLWKILQDOGHILQLWLRQV

LWIROORZVLGHDVZKLFKDUHH[SHULPHQWDOO\SURYHGEH\RQG

GRXEWLHWKHPRVWFRPPRQRQHV+RZHYHULQWKLVZD\

ZHRIWHQIRUJHWDERXWWKHVWURQJHVWQHHGIRULQWHJULW\DQG

WKHIHHOLQJRIWKHVHQVHRIOLIHZKLFKLVSDUWRIHYHU\PDQ

LQ HDFK FXOWXUH >@ 7KH QHHG IRU VHQVH LV WKH GHHSHVW

QHHGDQGWKDQNVWRDUFKLWHFWXUH±QRWRQO\WKHVDFUDORQH



&I>S@

 $UFKLWHFWXUH±WKHKDOOPDUNRIKXPDQLW\ 

±ZHDUHDEOHWRVDWLVI\LWWKURXJKPRGHOOLQJWKHHQYLURQ

PHQW,QPDQ\GRPDLQVPDQFDQJDLQRULHQWDWLRQLQWLPH

ZKLOHLWLVE\DUFKLWHFWXUHWKDWZHDUHDEOHWRJDLQRULHQWD

WLRQLQVSDFHRUHYHQPRUHE\IRUPLQJVSDFHPDQFUHDWHV

DQHZH[SHULHQFHRIVSDFHWLPHDQGKLVSODFHLQWKHXQL

YHUVHKDYLQJDOLWHUDOLQIOXHQFHRQWKHIHHOLQJRIKDSSLQHVV

DQGWKHVHQVHRIOLIH

,QWHUHVWLQJO\LQWKHFRQFHSWVRIXQLYHUVDOLVWLFHWKLFV

WKDWZH DUHERXQGWRQHHG PRUHEHFDXVHRIJOREDOLVD

WLRQ SURFHVVHV WKHUH DSSHDUV D FDWHJRU\ RI FRPPRQ

VSDFHRIPRUDOH[SHFWDWLRQVQHHGVPRGHOVDQGGLUHF

WLYHVZKLFKLVUHSHDWHGLQDOOHSRFKVDQGDPRQJGLYHUVH

SHRSOHV > S @ ,W LV FKDUDFWHULVWLF WKDW WKH PHWD

SKRURIVSDFHLVXVHGKHUHDVDQHWKLFDOFDWHJRU\±DOO

SHRSOHUHVLGHQWVRIRQHSODQHWSDUWLFLSDWHLQDFHUWDLQ

VHW RIYDOXHV ZKLFKDUH DQ H[SUHVVLRQ RI RXUFRPPRQ

JRRG+HQFHDUFKLWHFWXUHLQWKHSURFHVVRISURGXFLQJ

SK\VLFDOVSDFHFDQSHUIRUPDV\PEROLFUROHE\H[SUHVV

LQJ D GHVLUH IRU DQ HWKLFDO VSDFH WKDW LV FRPPRQ IRU

HYHU\ERG\ D WUDQVFXOWXUDO SODFH RU SHUKDSV EHWWHU ±

VDQFWXDU\>S@RIPHHWLQJ2QWKHEDVLVRIWKLV

SODFH ZH FDQ GHWHUPLQH D VXSSRUWLQJ VWUXFWXUH RI

DFWLYLWLHV RI WKH SHRSOH ZKR FUHDWH D QHZ JOREDO FXO

WXUH7KLVVWUXFWXUHVKRXOGEHEDVHGRQWKHLGHDRIWKH

FRPPRQ JRRG ,Q UHIHUHQFH WR DUFKLWHFWXUH LW PHDQV

WKDW WKH DUFKLWHFW¶V SURIHVVLRQ LV D VSHFLDO YRFDWLRQ RI

VRFLDO WUXVW WKHUHIRUH HWKLFDO VWDQGDUGV RI WKH DUFKL

WHFW¶V ZRUN RXJKW WR EH VHW LQWR VXFK QRWLRQV DV IUHH

GRPGLJQLW\VROLGDULW\WUXWKORYHEHDXW\>VQ@

,Q WKH FRQWH[W RI DUFKLWHFWXUH WKH FDWHJRU\ RI EHDXW\

VHHPV SDUWLFXODUO\ VLJQLILFDQW DV WKH LGHD RI EHDXW\

EHFRPHVDSULRULW\-y]HI/LSLHFHYHQGHPDQGVWKDWWKH

UXOHRIFUHDWLQJEHDXW\EHFODVVHGDVDPRUDOQRUP7KH

PRUH ZH FDUH DERXW EHDXW\ WKH PRUH SURVSHFWV RI

UHDOL]DWLRQ RI JRRGWKHUHDUH>«@> SS±@,I

ZHGHVLUHVRPHERG\¶VJRRGZHJLYHJRRGJLIWVWRWKLV

SHUVRQ&DQZHLPDJLQHDEHWWHUUHDOLVDWLRQRIKXPDQ

LW\WKDQFUHDWLQJDSURMHFWZKLFKDOORZVSHRSOHWRSXU

VXH IXOOQHVV",I ZH DJUHHZLWK /LSLHF WKDWDSDUWIURP

WROHUDQFHWKHLGHDRIVDIHW\LVDOVRYHU\LPSRUWDQWERWK

RIWKHVHLGHDVFDQEHLPPHGLDWHO\DSSOLHGLQDUFKLWHF

WXUDOUHDOLVDWLRQV7ROHUDQFHUHIHUVWRWKHDFWRIUHFRJ

QLVLQJWKDWDOOSHRSOHIURPWKHPDQDJHUWRDFOHDQLQJ

ODG\SRVVHVVDIHDWXUHRIKXPDQLW\WKHUHIRUHWKH\DUH

VXEMHFWV>S@,QDUFKLWHFWXUHZHFDQVHHDYHU\

VWURQJFRQQHFWLRQRIWKHFODVVLFDOWULDGRIWUDQVFHQGHQ

WDO YDOXHV 7UXWK *RRG DQG %HDXW\ 7KH FRQVWUXFWLRQ

PXVWEHUHDORWKHUZLVHLWVKDOOQRWIXOILOLWVIXQFWLRQ

LW VKRXOG DOVR EH EHDXWLIXO WR RIIHU SHRSOH DOVR RWKHU

YDOXHV DSDUW IURP PHUH VKHOWHU DW WKH VDPH WLPH LW

FRQVWLWXWHV JRRGQHVV IRU WKH SDUWLFXODU JURXS RI SHU

VRQV EH LW D IDPLO\ FKXUFK FRPPXQLW\ RU DQ\ RWKHU

FRPPXQLW\

$FRPPXQLW\LQWXUQUHTXLUHVLQVWLWXWLRQVZKLFKVKDOO

HQDEOHV\QFKURQLVLQJWKHOLIHRILWVPHPEHUV$UFKLWHFWXUH

YHU\ VWURQJO\ HPSKDVLVHV WKH UROH RI SXEOLF LQVWLWXWLRQV

ZKLFK DUH H[KLELWHG DQG FDUHG IRU E\ HYHU\ERG\ ,W LV D

EHKDYLRXUDO H[SUHVVLRQ RI KRZ PDQ XQGHUVWDQGV VHQVH

DQGYDOXHV:HFRXOGVD\WKDWLWLVFRQVWUXFWLRQVLQJHQ

HUDOERWKLQWKHLUH[WHUQDODQGLQWHUQDODVSHFWWKDWPRVW

DFFXUDWHO\UHQGHUDQWKURSRORJLFDOVHQVHRUQRQVHQVHEH

LWD IXQGDPHQWDO RQH IRU D JLYHQ FXOWXUH WHPSOH FHPH

WHU\ RU DOVR RI VHFRQGDU\ LPSRUWDQFH FRQQHFWHG ZLWK

ZRUN DQG FRQVXPSWLRQ$V IRU WKH HSRFKV VXFK DV RXU

SUHVHQWWLPHVWKHWKLQJVWKDWVKDOOEHUHJDUGHGDVVDFUXP

PD\FRUUHVSRQGWR WKRVHZKLFKZHUHFRQVLGHUHGDV SUR

IDQHIRULQVWDQFHHQWHUWDLQPHQW

$UFKLWHFWVQRWRQO\UHIOHFWWKHPHQWDOLW\RIDQHSRFKEXW

WKH\DOVRFUHDWHLW7KH\FUHDWHVSDFHRIOLIHDQGGHDWKE\

EXLOGLQJ SODFHV RI ZRUN HQWHUWDLQPHQW ZRUVKLS RU VLFN

QHVV(DFKSODFHRIVRFLDOOLIHLVPRGHOOHGE\WKHFRQYHQ

WLRQRIWLPHPHDVXUHGE\ZDWFKHVDQGDOVRE\WKHFRQYHQ

WLRQRIVSDFH±DSODFHWKDWµRUGHUV¶WRZRUNRUµSHUPLWV¶WR

UHVW ,Q RXU QRPDGLF HSRFK WKDW LV IXOO RI OLTXLGLW\ VXFK

SODFHV ORVH WKHLU PHDQLQJ LQDVPXFK DV WKHLU XVHUV WKRVH

ZKRPRYHLQFHVVDQWO\FKDQJH,VQ¶WWKLVOLTXLGLW\WKHODVW

VWHSRIWKHVXLFLGDODEVXUGRIDQHPSW\H[LVWHQFHUHGXFHGWR

DTXDQWLWDWLYHGLPHQVLRQV\PEROLVHGE\PRQH\"

>@ %RHKPH*$QWURSRORJLDILOR]RILF]QD:DUV]DZD

>@ %XNVLĔVNL7$QWURSRORJLDZQDSLĊFLXPLĊG]\ILOR]RILąDQDXNDPL

KXPDQLVW\F]Q\PL>LQ@6LNRUD0 HG&]áRZLHNPLĊG]\ILOR]RILą

DWHRORJLą:URFáDZ

>@ &DVWHOOV06SRáHF]HĔVWZRVLHFL:DUV]DZD

>@ .ODPXW5&HO±F]DV±VHQVĪ\FLD/XEOLQ

>@ .RSDOLĔVNL:6áRZQLNZ\UD]yZREF\FKL]ZURWyZREFRMĊ]\F]Q\FK

:DUV]DZD

>@ /LSLHF - 3UROHJRPHQDHW\NL JOREDOQHM >LQ@ 6HNXáD-HG,GHD

HW\F]QRĞFLJOREDOQHM6LHGOFH

>@ /HYLQDV ( &DáRĞü L QLHVNRĔF]RQRĞü WUDQVO 0 .RZDOVND

:DUV]DZD

 >@5HZHUV(3RVWSROLV:VWĊSGRILOR]RILLSRQRZRF]HVQHJRPLDVWD

.UDNyZ

 >@6FKHOHU06WDQRZLVNRF]áRZLHNDZNRVPRVLH>LQ@3LVPD]DQWURSR

ORJLLILOR]RILF]QHMLWHRULLZLHG]\WUDQVO6&]HUQLDN$:ĊJU]HFNL

:DUV]DZDS

>@6NROLPRZVNL+)LOR]RILDĪ\MąFD(NRILOR]RILDMDNRGU]HZRĪ\FLD

:DUV]DZD

>@7LVFKQHU - 1DG]LHMD V]XNDMąFD SUDZG\ >LQ@ . 0LFKDOVNL HG

&]áRZLHNZQDXFHZVSyáF]HVQHM3DULV

>@=RKDU$ 0DUVKDOO , ,QWHOLJHQFMD GXFKRZD 1DMZ\ĪV]D ] LQWHOL

JHQFMLWUDQVO37XUVNL3R]QDĔ

5HIHUHQFHV

$UFKLWHNWXUD±]QDPLĊF]áRZLHF]HĔVWZD

:DUFKLWHNWXU]HZ\UDĪRQH]RVWDMąSRGVWDZRZHRGQLHVLHQLD

F]áRZLHNDGRĞZLDWDSU]\URG\GRVLHELHVDPHJRLLQQ\FKOXG]L

&]áRZLHNMHVWLVWRWąNWyUD±ZSU]HFLZLHĔVWZLHGRZLĊNV]RĞFL

JDWXQNyZ±WZRU]\ ZáDVQH ĞURGRZLVNRĪ\FLD F]\OL F\ZLOL]D

FMĊ-HM]DVDGQLF]\PHOHPHQWHPUyZQLHLVWRWQ\PMDNP\ĞOH

QLH F]\ V\PEROL]DFMD MHVW NUHRZDQLH NRQVWUXNFML DUFKLWHNWR

7UDQVODWHGE\%6HWNRZLF]

 -DQ:DGRZVNL

QLF]Q\FK PDMąF\FK UyĪQRURGQH SU]H]QDF]HQLH GRP ĞZLąW\

QLD PLHMVFH SUDF\ FPHQWDU] LWG 1LH VSHáQLDMą RQH W\ONR

IXQNFMLRFKURQQHMDOHXPRĪOLZLDMąUR]ZyMZREV]DU]HNXOWXU\

$NW\ZQRĞüWDNDSU]\F]\QLDVLĊGR]PLDQZĞURGRZLVNXQDWX

UDOQ\P F]ĊVWR QLHRGZUDFDOQ\FK &]áRZLHN GąĪąF GR SU]H

WUZDQLD PXVL MHGQDN RFKURQLü VLHELH L VZRMH G]LHFL &HO WHQ

QDMOHSLHMRVLąJDVLĊSU]H]]DU]ąG]DQLHLRUJDQL]DFMĊVSRáHF]Qą

SRZVWDZDá\ZLĊFEXGRZOHSRĪ\WNXSXEOLF]QHJRJG]LHSURMHN

WDQWLEXGRZQLF]\WZRU]\OLGODZVSyOQHJRGREUD&]\G]LVLDM

Z GRELH VLOQHM WHQGHQFML GR MDN QDMZLĊNV]\FK ]\VNyZ

] LQZHVW\FML QLH ]DSRPLQDP\ R GREUX OXG]NLP LQG\ZLGXDO

Q\PLVSRáHF]Q\P"

'RFHQLDMąF IXQGDPHQWDOQą UROĊ DUFKLWHNWXU\ Z UR]ZRMX

F\ZLOL]DFML SRZLQQLĞP\ ]DVWDQRZLü VLĊ QDG RSW\PDOL]DFMą

Z]QRV]RQ\FKSU]H]QDVNRQVWUXNFML±ZFHOX]DFKRZDQLDKRPH

RVWD]\ELRORJLF]QHMLF\ZLOL]DF\MQHM

.H\ZRUGVHWKLFDOSULQFLSLDLQDUFKLWHFWXUHJRRGEHDXW\KRPHRVWDVLV 6áRZD NOXF]RZH SU\QF\SLD HW\F]QH Z DUFKLWHNWXU]H GREUR SLĊNQR

KRPHRVWD]D

Architektura – znamię człowieczeństwa

Jan Wadowski

Streszczenie