Czy o ocenie i emocjach związanych z budynkiem decyduje jego wygląd zewnętrzny? Postawy wobec zróżnicowanych formalnie obiektów architektonicznych

Michał Pelczarski, Zdzisław Pelczarski

doi:10.5277/arc120110

Streszczenie

Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, czy „spektakularnym” i trudnym do podważenia polskim osiągnięciom budowlanym na EURO 2012 towarzyszą dorównujące im sukcesy na polu jakości architektoniczno-konstrukcyjnej. Czy pospieszne i asekuracyjne rozstrzyganie o wyborze projektantów zagranicznych nie wpłynęło na unifikację rozwiązań, które zamiast stanowić propozycje unikalne o cechach ikony architektonicznej, stały się podobne do wielu znanych już z innych miejsc na świecie? Jako rozwiązanie godne naśladowania przedstawiono model portugalski, gdzie dzięki podjęciu przez parlament stosownych ustaw, większość nowych stadionów została zaprojektowana przez rodzimych architektów, a dopiero na etapie wykonawczym, gdy potrzebne były zaawansowane technologie i doświadczenie w realizacji tego typu obiektów, angażowane były firmy zagraniczne. Niestety Polska nie skorzystała z tego pozytywnego przykładu i nie stawiła odporu zjawiskom globalizacji, monopolu kilku wielkich, specjalistycznych firm projektowych, i wiążącej się z tym unifikacji architektury stadionów.

Podgląd pełnego artykułu jest możliwy wyłącznie na większych ekranach.

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DOI: 10.5277/arc120110

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A. Schematic section of the Olympic stadium in Berlin C. Schematic section of the stadium in

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South Africa

D. List of differences and similarities

Fig.1

FAÇADE

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A. Wroclaw stadium elevation

presented in the competition

project

B. Completed elevation. No waist makes

the facility look much heavier

Det. A

C. Completed façade – Individual sections of

membrane between horizontal rings and

vertical frames

D. Façade with removed vertical frames

Det. A

E. F.

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A. Schematic section of Stadion

ĝOąski – Saturn

2005 roof design

C. Schematic section of the stadium in Warsaw

D. List of differences and simLOarities

B. AeriaOview of Stadion

ĝOąski – Saturn 2005 roof design.

Zakáad Projektowania i WdrRĪHĔ TB, Katowice.

VisuaOLzation: Marcin Morga

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6DWXUQD±SLHUĞFLHĔĞFLVNDQ\E±SLHUĞFLHĔUR]FLąJDQ\F±VáXSSURMHNW]DNáDGDá]DVWRVRZDQLHW\ONRVáXSyZG±PHPEUDQDXáRĪRQDQD

áXNDFKRUR]SLĊWRĞFLDFKGRPH±RGFLąJLW\SX9%:LGRN]ORWXSWDND6WDGLRQXĝOąVNLHJR±SURMHNW]DGDV]HQLD6DWXUQ6WDELOQRĞü

SLHUĞFLHQLDĞFLVNDQHJR]DSHZQLDQDMHVWSU]H]GRFKRG]ąFHGRQLHJRHOHPHQW\ZDKDF]\NDEOLSRGZLHV]DMąF\FKRUD]RGFLąJyZW\SX9'XĪH

UR]VWDZ\VáXSyZGXĪHUR]SLĊWRĞFLáXNyZQDSLQDMąF\FKPHPEUDQĊRUD]WUyMNąWQHSRODPHPEUDQ\SR]ZDODá\QDX]\VNDQLHRU\JLQDOQHMJHRPHWULL

LDUFKLWHNWXU\GRVWRVRZDQHMGRVNDOLRELHNWXRUD]QDXZROQLHQLHIRUP\RGGXĪHMOLF]E\HOHPHQWyZNRQVWUXNF\MQ\FKQDNáDGDMąF\FKVLĊZSROX

ZLG]HQLD &6FKHPDWSU]HNURMXVWDGLRQXZDUV]DZVNLHJRD±SLHUĞFLHĔĞFLVNDQ\E±SLHUĞFLHĔUR]FLąJDQ\F±VáXSáąF]QLH]DVWRVRZDQRVáXS\

>@G±GZDRGFLąJLSRSU]HF]QLHVWDELOL]XMąFHGHZLDWRUSRZWyU]RQHUD]\VLOQLH]DJĊV]F]DMąREUD]LGRPLQXMąIRUPĊVWDGLRQX'=HVWDZLHQLH

UyĪQLFLSRGRELHĔVWZ2SUDF03HOF]DUVNL

 (852(QWHUSULVH±DWWHPSWDWDVVHVVLQJWKHDFKLHYHGDUFKLWHFWXUDODQGVWUXFWXUDOHIIHFWV 

)LJ2O\PSLFVWDGLXPLQ6WXWWJDUWDQG6WDGLRQĝOąVNL±GLIIHUHQFHVDQGVLPLODULWLHV$6FKHPDWLFVHFWLRQRIWKHVWDGLXPLQ6WXWWJDUW

D±FRPSUHVVLRQULQJE±WHQVLRQULQJF±7KHUDGLDOORDGVLQERWKFRPSUHVVLRQULQJVDUHUHGXFHGGXHWRWKHWLOWHGFROXPQV7KH\DUHUHGXFHG

EHFDXVHRIWKHWHQVLOHIRUFHVJHQHUDWHGLQWKHULQJVGXHWRWKHLUGHDGZHLJKW%6WDGLXPLQ6WXWWJDUWDORQJWKHPDMRUD[LVRIWKHHOOLSVH

SKRWR03HOF]DUVNL&6FKHPDWLFVHFWLRQRI6WDGLRQĝOąVNLD±FRPSUHVVLRQULQJE±WHQVLRQULQJF±7KHUDGLDOORDGVDUHUHGXFHGGXHWRWKH

WLOWHGFROXPQVRQO\LQWKHXSSHUFRPSUHVVLRQULQJ'$VVHPEO\RIWKHFDEOLQJLQ6WDGLRQĝOąVNL6XFKDQH[WHQVLYHWLOWRIWKHURRIVWUXFWXUH

± PDERYHWKHJURXQGFDQFDXVHDQLPSUHVVLRQRILQVWDELOLW\DQGDVXEFRQVFLRXVFRQFHUQRIWKHXVHUVSKRWR03HOF]DUVNL(/LVW

RIGLIIHUHQFHVDQGVLPLODULWLHV'HYHORSHGE\03HOF]DUVNL

,O6WDGLRQROLPSLMVNLZ6WXWWJDUFLHL6WDGLRQĝOąVNL±]HVWDZLHQLHUyĪQLFLSRGRELHĔVWZ$6FKHPDWSU]HNURMXVWDGLRQXZ6WXWWJDUFLH

D±SLHUĞFLHĔĞFLVNDQ\E±SLHUĞFLHĔUR]FLąJDQ\F±']LĊNLWDNLHPXZ\FK\OHQLXVáXSyZREDSLHUĞFLHQLHĞFLVNDQHX]\VNXMą]UHGXNRZDQH

REFLąĪHQLHUDGLDOQH5HGXNFMDSRZVWDMHG]LĊNLVLáRPUR]FLąJDMąF\PMDNLHJHQHUXMąVLĊZSLHUĞFLHQLDFKRGMHJRFLĊĪDUXZáDVQHJR%6WDGLRQ

Z6WXWWJDUFLHZ]GáXĪGáXJLHMRVLHOLSV\IRW03HOF]DUVNL&6FKHPDWSU]HNURMX6WDGLRQXĝOąVNLHJRD±SLHUĞFLHĔĞFLVNDQ\E±SLHUĞFLHĔ

UR]FLąJDQ\F±Z\FK\OHQLHVáXSyZSURZDG]LGRREQLĪHQLDVLáUDGLDOQ\FKW\ONRZJyUQ\PSLHUĞFLHQLXĞFLVNDQ\P')D]DPRQWDĪXROLQRZDQLD

6WDGLRQXĝOąVNLHJRD7DN]QDF]QHZ\FK\OHQLHNRQVWUXNFMLGDFKX]QDMGXMąFHMVLĊQDZ\VRNRĞFL±PQDGSR]LRPHPWHUHQXPRĪHZ\ZRá\ZDü

ZUDĪHQLHQLHVWDELOQRĞFLLZ]EXG]DüSRGĞZLDGRP\QLHSRNyMZXĪ\WNRZQLNDFK(=HVWDZLHQLHUyĪQLFLSRGRELHĔVWZ2SUDF03HOF]DUVNL

A. Schematic section of the stadium in Stuttgart

B. Stadium in Stuttgart along the major axis of the

ellipse

D. Assembly of the roof structure cable-net system

in Stadion ĝOąVNi

C. Schematic section of Stadion ĝOąVNi

E. List of differences and similarities

STADION

 0LFKDá3HOF]DUVNL=G]LVáDZ3HOF]DUVNL

8QIRUWXQDWHO\ DOVR WKLV WLPH GHVSLWH D IDLUO\ ODUJH

DPRXQWRI SXEOLF IXQGV FUHGLWHGIURP ĝOąVNLH 3URYLQFH

WKH VWDGLXP ZDV QRW OXFN\$ IHZ FODPSV )LJ $ %

ZKLFK IDVWHQ WKH VXSSRUWLQJ FDEOHV WR WKH LQQHU WHQVLRQ

ULQJEURNHDQGWKDWLVWKHUHDVRQIRUWKHFXUUHQWORQJWHUP

EUHDNLQWKHZRUNV7KHVHHOHPHQWVZHUHPDQXIDFWXUHGLQ

3RODQGDQG WKHQ LQ6SDLQ EXW DQ\ZD\WKH\ KDG GHIHFWV

7KH\ EURNH ZKHQ WKH FDEOLQJ ZKLFK VXVSHQGV WKH URRI

FRQVWUXFWLRQZDVEHLQJUDLVHGGXULQJDVVHPEO\

&XUUHQWO\DIWHUWKHFDEOLQJZDVORZHUHGWKH UHDVRQVRI

WKHIDLOXUHDUHDQDO\]HGDQGIXUWKHUVWUDWHJLHVRIDFWLRQVDUH

DJUHHG)RUWKH¿UVWWLPHLQWKHKLVWRU\RILWVRSHUDWLRQVWKH

6ZLVVFRPSDQ\96/ZKLFKZDVHDUOLHUDVVHPEOLQJWKHFRVWO\

URRIRIWKHVWDGLXPLQ:DUVDZKDGWRORZHUWKHVXSSRUWLQJ

FDEOHVZKLFKLVWKHRSSRVLWHRIWKHRSHUDWLRQIRUZKLFKWKH

KRLVWLQJHTXLSPHQWLVGHVLJQHG,WLVSUREDEOHWKDWWKHUHDVRQV

IRUWKLVVLWXDWLRQFRXOGLQFOXGHWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJDQGPDWH

ULDOGHIHFWVRUXQHTXDOVWUHWFKRIWKHWHQVLRQPHPEHUVGXULQJ

WKHKRLVWLQJRIWKHLQQHUULQJ,WVKRXOGEHVWUHVVHGWKDWLWLVRQH

RIWKHELJJHVW³ELF\FOHZKHHO´URRIV,WVVL]HLVGHWHUPLQHGE\

WKHVL]HRIWKHWUDFNDQG¿HOGVWDGLXP)LJ

,WLVVXUSULVLQJWKDW*03DFRPSDQ\IDPRXVIRUFRYHULQJ

WKHVWDGLXPURRIVGHVLJQHGE\LWDERYHWKHVWDQGVZLWK37)(

PHPEUDQHVDEDQGRQHGWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIVXFKDVROXWLRQLQ

&KRU]yZDQGXSRQWKHLQYHVWRU¶VDSSURYDOVXJJHVWHGFRYHU

LQJ WKH URRI ZLWK PXOWLFKDPEHU SRO\FDUERQDWH VKHHWV$V

DUHVXOWLWZDVQHFHVVDU\WRDSSO\DGHQVHVWHHOXQGHUVWUXFWXUH

ZLWKDVLJQL¿FDQWGHDGZHLJKWIRUWKHSRO\FDUERQDWHURR¿QJ

$FWXDOO\DSK\VLFDOO\DQGRSWLFDOO\KHDY\SVHXGRGRPHZLWK

DGHQVHVXSSRUWLQJVWUXFWXUHIRUWKHURRIPDGHRIPZLGH

VKHHWVPXVWKDQJRQDV\VWHPRIFDEOHJLUGHUV8QIRUWXQDWHO\

LWLVLPSRVVLEOHWRHYDOXDWHWKRVHDVVXPSWLRQVDVWKHHIIHF

WLYHYLVXDOL]DWLRQVRIWKHVWDGLXPLQWHULRUZLWKWKHYLHZRIWKH

URRIIURPXQGHUQHDWKGRQRWVKRZWKDWHOHPHQW$VLPLODUDFW

RIIDOVLI\LQJWKHUHDOLW\FDQEHVHHQLQWKHFDVHRIUHQGHULQJV

RIVXSSRUWLQJJLUGHUVRIWKHURRIRIWKHVWDGLXPLQ3R]QDĔRU

WHFWRQLFVRIWKHIDoDGHRIWKHVWDGLXPLQ:URFáDZ

%\WKHZD\LWLVZRUWKPHQWLRQLQJWKDWWKHJDVNHWVRI

WKHPXOWLFKDPEHUSRO\FDUERQDWHVKHHWVZHDURIILQWLPH

DQGXQVHDOWKHFKDPEHUV$VDUHVXOWIDXQDDQGÀRUDGH

YHORSLQVLGHWKHPZKLFKLQWXUQLVYLVLEOHLQWKHIRUPRI

UXQVWKDWORRNOLNHGLUW

*GDĔVN6WDGLXP

7KHDQDO\VLVRIWKHPDLQVWDGLXPVEXLOWIRU(852

LQUHVSHFWRIWKHLURULJLQDOFRQVWUXFWLRQVGHPRQVWUDWHWKDW

WKHGHVLJQRIWKHURRIRIWKHVWDGLXPLQ*GDĔVNLVZRUWK

RXUVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQ)LJ$%,WLVRQHRIWKHPRVW

LQWHUHVWLQJVHOIVXSSRUWLQJVWUXFWXUHVLQ3RODQGandin the

ZRUOG6HDUFKLQJIRUDQ\SRVVLEOHZD\WRUHGXFHWKHFRVWV

RIWKDWGHVLJQRQHFRXOGRQO\FRQVLGHUPRYLQJWKHSRLQW

RIVXSSRUWRIWKHURRILQGHSHQGHQWVWUXFWXUHWRWKHFURZQ

RIWKHUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHVWDQGVZKLFKLQWKHRSLQLRQRI

WKLVDUWLFOH¶VDXWKRUVZRXOGSUHYHQWWKHGRXEOLQJRIWKH

PDLQVXSSRUWLQJVWUXFWXUHRIWKHURRIDQGWKHVWDQGV

)LJ$9LHZRIWZRFODPSVZKLFKEURNHZKLOHUDLVLQJWKHFDEOLQJ

3KRWR'DZLG:KLVNH\6L[±IRUXPJNZ

,O$:LGRNGZyFK]HUZDQ\FKNURNRG\OLZID]LHSRGQRV]HQLD

ROLQRZDQLDQDSR]LRPSURMHNWRZDQ\)RW'DZLG:KLVNH\6L[

±IRUXPJNZ

)LJ%9LHZRIWZRFODPSVZKLFKEURNHZKLOHUDLVLQJWKHFDEOLQJ

'HYHORSHGE\03HOF]DUVNL

,O%:LGRNGZyFK]HUZDQ\FKNURNRG\OLZID]LHSRGQRV]HQLD

ROLQRZDQLDQDSR]LRPSURMHNWRZDQ\2SUDF03HOF]DUVNL

Conclusions

'XHWRWKHOLPLWHGVFRSHRIWKLVDUWLFOHLWZDVSRVVLEOHWR

DQDO\]HLQGHWDLORQO\WKHPDLQDUFKLWHFWXUDODQGVWUXFWXUDO

HOHPHQWV RI WKH VWDGLXPV ZKLFK GHWHUPLQH WKHLU JHQHUDO

VSDWLDOIRUPV7KH\LQFOXGHWKHURRIVDERYHWKHVWDQGVDQG

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Det. A

Det.A

A. Assembly stage – girders with temporary support

B. Final stage – girders without temporary support

D. Wimbledon Court No.2 with the spoke wheel

“ballast” system

E. Pinned supports of the structure

F. Internal view of tubular rings and triangular

supports

C. Detail A

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