Kontynuacja typologii brył architektury nadświdrzańskiej we współczesnych realizacjach

Tomasz Jakub Trzupek

doi:10.37190/arc230104

Streszczenie

Tematem artykułu jest architektura nadświdrzańska, zwana potocznie świdermajerem, oraz architektura określana jako neoświdermajer, czyli nowe obiekty pojawiające się w omawianym regionie i nawiązujące do obiektów historycznych. Celem autora było przedstawienie najbardziej charakterystycznego typu kształtowania brył obiektów historycznych i udowodnienie, że współczesne obiekty kontynuują te układy. Wykorzystano do tego typologiczną analizę porównawczą układów brył. W tekście przedstawiono genezę zjawiska, stan badań, typologię oraz zaprezentowano rysunki przedstawiające najbardziej charakterystyczne elementy omawianej architektury (werandy i ozdobne profile szalunków), zestawienia rzutów obiektów historycznych i współczesnych, plansze zestawiające ze sobą bryły architektury nadświdrzańskiej i neoświdermajer. Na podstawie przedstawionego materiału można stwierdzić, że wysunięte tezy dotyczące różnorodności sposobów kształtowania brył w architekturze nadświdrzańskiej i założenie możliwości wyodrębnienia dominujących typów kształtowania brył zostały potwierdzone. Nowe obiekty można przyporządkować określonym typologiom budynków historycznych. Tym samym niniejsza praca rozpoczyna naukową refleksję nad nowym zjawiskiem, jakim jest neoświdermajer.

Podgląd pełnego artykułu jest możliwy wyłącznie na większych ekranach.

2023

1(73)

Tomasz Jakub Trzupek*

Continuation of the typology of the structures

of Nadświdrzańska architecture in contemporary realizations

Introduction

Nadświdrzańska architecture, commonly known as

Świdermajer, despite its popularity as a traditional Polish

style, has been left without sucient academic analysis so

far. This article aims to present the basic typological rela-

tions occurring within the shaping of solids of both his-

torical buildings and their contemporary interpretations.

This topic requires study due to the progressing physical

and ideological degradation of the resources of historical

buildings, resulting from incompetent conservation, de-

liberate demolition, neglect and arson, as well as incor-

rect references in new construction

. The uniqueness of

this local architecture enables opportunities to build the

so-called local identity of Nadświdrzańska architecture,

which translates into the social and commercial value of

cultural heritage [2]–[4].

The subject of work.

Research problem, goals of work

The subject of the research work was a comparative

analysis of examples of Nadświdrzańska architecture and

the newly erected buildings referring to them. For the pur-

poses of this analysis, eld research was carried out, fol-

lowed by a study of buildings referring to the features of

Świdermajer architecture.

The basis of the rst part of the typological research

was the buildings of Nadświdrzańska architecture appear-

ing in the studies concerning the discussed area. Dierent

factors were specied, such as the time of their creation

* ORCID: 0000-0001-5893-6790. Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw

University of Technology, Poland, e-mail: tomasz.trzupek@pw.edu.pl

This text is a separate fragment of the author’s doctoral disser-

tation [1].

(from 1880 to 1939), the function (summer resort, sana-

torium, villa, preventorium, boarding house), the material

(wooden buildings, wall construction, sheathing, decora-

tions), the presence of characteristic features (verandas,

formwork systems, ornamentation) and the area of occur-

rence (Fig. 1). The second part of the research consist-

ed of the analysis of buildings selected on the basis of

modern references to Świdermajer architecture (the use of

wooden, openwork architectural details, the introduction

of verandas, the shaping of buildings with similar propor-

tions and features of spatial layouts), function (residen-

tial buildings, public buildings, all-year-round), material

(wooden porches and formwork), time of creation (after

1989) and area of occurrence (Fig. 1).

The research question was which physical features of

Nadświdrzańska architecture refer to the newly emerging

architecture in this area

. It was assumed that the dom-

inant types of shaping the solids of historical buildings

could be distinguished, and that the isolated, repetitive

types nd their continuation in contemporary implemen-

tations, emerging in the analyzed area. The aim of the

work was to determine the typology of the structures of

Nadświdrzańska architecture based on a quantitative anal-

ysis (over 200 examples), to isolate the most characteristic

types of block shaping and to nd an answer to the ques-

tion whether the Nadświdrzańska style buildings created

after 1989 continue the spatial arrangements of historical

types. Thus, research on a new phenomenon, the so-called

Neo-świdermajer architecture was needed

. Buildings re-

It seems that a richer body is indeed present in the older build-

ings of the so-called Nadświdrzański style, although no one has made

a detailed comparative analysis based on the preserved buildings and

existing documentation [5, p. 139].

The term “Neo-świdermajer” was coined by Adam Krajewski in

relation to contemporary buildings referring to the historic architecture of

DOI: 10.37190/arc230104

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

42 Tomasz Jakub Trzupek

ferred to by this name began to appear in the analyzed area

after 1989. This process revived the emergence of summer

resort forms in architecture. New facilities take into ac-

count a completely dierent function, the inux of users

and changes in the cultural and technological context.

The state of research

The author conducted a query regarding both scienti-

c and popular science literature. In addition to traditio-

nal resources, such as the Archive of the City of Otwock,

websites of enthusiasts of the Świdrzana architecture were

taken into account, containing many valuable memories

not yet published in paper form. Andrzej Cichy dealt with

the periodization of buildings, the development of the ty-

pology of formwork and pointed to its role as one of the

style features of this architecture [10]. In his studies, Ro-

bert Lewandowski dealt with the person of Michał Elwiro

Andriolli and the genesis and the area of occurrence of

the discussed phenomenon. Lewandowski made attempts

the region [5]. Apart from Krajewski’s work, the rest of the references to

neoświdermajer architecture come from popular magazines. These arti-

cles were intended to present and popularize this phenomenon and to em-

phasize the connections between new projects and Świdermajers [6]–[8].

A similar concept of neo-Zakopane architecture appears in Jarosław Sze-

wczyk’s reference to the works of Stanisław Karpiel, Anna Górska, Stani-

sław Czarniak, Tadeusz Brzoza and Zbigniew Kupiec from the 1970s [9].

to dene the stylistic features of Świdermajer architecture

[6]–[8], as well as linking them with the newly emerging

architecture referring to the historical one. Adam Krajew-

ski dened the area of formation of the local architecture,

discussed its individual elements, dealt with its period-

ization and dened the style features of this construction,

pointing to its Swiss-Russian origins [5]. Jerzy Szałygin

[11], [12] and Agnieszka Wośko-Czeranowska [13] dealt

with determining the characteristics of Świdermajer ar-

chitecture. Marcin Górski and Wiktor Lach determined

the features of typical buildings, combined them with the

trends of Swiss and Russian architecture, and dealt with

the history of the village and the cataloging of buildings

[14]–[18]. Ewa Pustoła-Kozłowska described the urban

changes taking place in this area [19]. Iwona Trzcińska

dealt with the social impact of Świdermajers [2]. The

author and Krzysztof Mycielski wrote an article on pro-

ject priorities on the example of the modernization of the

Abram Gurewicz Health Resort in Otwock [20].

However, it was found that there was little scientic

analysis of the new architecture referring to Nadświdrzań-

ska architecture. Most of the works focus on enumerating

the characteristics, but without indicating exceptions to

the rules or specifying the most common types. Most im-

portantly, these existing studies exclude sucient docu-

mentation or analysis on the shapes of buildings and ve-

randas. Cichy’s studies on the shapes and periodization

of formwork were the closest to typological studies [10].

Research methods. Drawing and typology

The tangible and intangible values of cultural herita-

ge are important factors of Nadświdrzańska architecture

[21]. Intangible components provoked the author to use

non-obvious, immeasurable ways of registering and expe-

riencing them. That is why the author established the need

to reach for drawing, graphics and painting (Fig. 2).

Due to the complexity of Nadświdrzańska architecture,

the author decided to use the drawing in two ways. The

rst of them concerns the initial recognition of the issue.

Through sketches, drawings and graphics, the author tried

to intuitively familiarize himself with the buildings in the

initial phase of his work

. The rst lines drawn in sketch -

books and later graphics created in the studio were at-

tempts to decipher the features of the nadświdrzańska

architecture, its relationship to the landscape, colors and

character of the space. After the initial phase, the author

also returned to drawing as a method to synthesize the

developed knowledge. Drawing typological charts show

similarities between individual buildings in a more clear

way than their descriptions [22].

The concepts of type and typology have changed the-

ir meaning over the centuries, from a permanent pattern,

which is an idea that emanates in built architecture, to

This tradition has a long and rich history at the Faculty of Archi-

tecture of the Warsaw University of Technology, of which the author is

a graduate. The author is also a graduate of the Faculty of Painting at

the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, which makes communication by

image the core of his daily work.

Fig. 1. Location of the analyzed buildings against the background

of the layout of railway lines and the Świder River

(drawing by T.J. Trzupek)

Il. 1. Lokalizacja przeanalizowanych obiektów

na tle układu linii kolejowych i rzeki Świder (rys. T.J. Trzupek)

Continuation of the typology of the structures of Nadświdrzańska architecture in contemporary realizations 43

a form distinguished in research, described by a set of

properties. An architectural work achieves greater reco-

gnition by belonging to a group, trend or family. Only an

ordered and coherent context allows for the emergence

of characteristic, but also unique or individual features

[23]. In this paper the purpose of the developed typology

was not only to classify buildings, but to use typological

knowledge as a tool for assessing, grouping, creating and

designing new buildings. But what happens when a type

changes; typological analysis needs to be open to describ-

ing the emergence of new characteristics as well as the per-

sistence of old. Historically, in dening the typology, the

aspect of recognizability of the phenomenon in society was

also emphasized [23]. Against this background, it can cer-

tainly be said that Świdermajer architecture is an explicit

phenomenon that extends beyond its current architectural

discourse. There is a need for a type of research involving

the simultaneous analysis of both historical and contempo-

rary buildings. Even though Nadświdrzańska architecture

was a historical phenomenon, new projects referring to it

excite this previously closed process to stir once more.

The concepts of type and typology can be tools used

in designing a new architecture. Searching for types and

dening the typology in relation to Nadświdrzańska ar-

chitecture is justied due to the need to dene a set of

features to which one can consciously refer. The author

decided to study historical and contemporary buildings at

the same time in order to check whether the components

such as proportions, type of added solids or the number of

verandas have their continuation in new implementations.

Nadświdrzańska architecture – genesis, definition

The years 1880 and 1939 are the borderline dates for

creation of Nadświdrzańska architecture. Its appearance

in this area is related to the expansion of railway connec-

tions from Warsaw to the south-east. Land parceling by

landowners made it possible to settle the land. The local

Fig. 2. Forms of verandas in the structures of Nadświdrzańska architecture and Neo-świdermajer:

a) Villa “Irenka”, Józefów, 1 Zielona Street, designed in 1890 – one of the few examples of Świdrzana architecture

with a rich lace decoration of the veranda, reminiscent of Russian dachas,

b) single-family residential building, Józefów, 10A Skargi Street, designed by M. Przepiórka (drawing by T.J. Trzupek)

Il. 2. Formy werand w obiektach architektury nadświdrzańskiej i neoświdermajer:

a) Willa „Irenka”, Józefów, ul. Zielona 1, proj. 1890 r. – jeden z niewielu przykładów architektury nadświdrzańskiej

z bardzo bogatą koronkową dekoracją werandy, przywodzącą na myśl rosyjskie dacze,

b) budynek mieszkalny jednorodzinny, Józefów, ul. Skargi 10A, proj. M. Przepiórka (rys. T.J. Trzupek)

a b

44 Tomasz Jakub Trzupek

of the buildings and the complete disappearance of the re-

sort’s character.

Nadświdrzańska architecture served recreation and

health, it was intended for renters. The basic residential

module consisted of one or two rooms with access to a ve-

randa. Earlier researchers dened the features of Nadświ-

drzańska architecture. The main body of the building was

covered with a gable roof with an inclination of about 30°.

Verandas were added to the block from no more than three

sides. The attics were usable, hidden behind a knee wall.

Dormers appeared in the roof slopes. Roofs sometimes

took mansard forms. The eaves extended beyond the gable

wall, here too there were abstract decorations with plant

features. A common procedure was to create a central

avant-corps, covered with a gable roof, often ending with

an additional veranda. The whole block, usually set in the

depth of the plot, gave the impression of fragmentation,

and the appearing avant-corps, verandas and porches – ad-

ditiveness. The most popular materials at that time were

used: brick (plinth), pine wood (walls, porches and roof),

oak wood (base plates), roong felt, eternit (roof), zinc

sheet (gutters, roof sheathing, ashing). The construction

of the walls was mainly made of post and plank, frame,

sometimes also brick. The roof structure consisted of sim-

ple purlin and purlin-collar systems. Thermal insulation

was made of a mixture of needles, clay, straw and shavin-

gs. The interiors were nished with plaster on a reed mat.

Decorations and formwork (their dimensions, proles

and layouts) are among the most characteristic and reco-

gnizable features of Nadświdrzańska architecture (Fig. 3).

The sculpted character of the Świdermajer solids was em-

phasized by the horizontal stripes of the friezes. In Mo-

nestiroli’s understanding, decoration is a detail relating to

the idea of a given building, which distinguishes it from

ornamentation, which is only an added feature that can be

taken away [24]. In this approach, the decoration is the

openwork boards cut out on the verandas, because they

shape the semi-permeable border of the veranda, i.e. the

space between the building and its surroundings. These

openwork decorations together with verandas served as

key and dening aspects of this architecture (Fig. 4a).

Following Krajewski, it can be said that Świdermajer

architecture is a local variant of Tyrolean-Swiss architec-

ture in its second, Neo-vernacular version [5]. Świderma-

jers were not created with the ambition to create a natio-

nal style, nor did they refer directly to the local buildings.

Uniqueness and picturesqueness were to accompany its

use; it was rather a fairy-tale and romantic scenography

for relaxation, rather than architecture with a year-round

and utilitarian character.

Neo-świdermajer architecture

The Neo-świdermajer architecture concept appeared in

Krajewski’s work in relation to new buildings referring to

the local historical architecture [5]. These projects are cre-

ated in private architectural studios, mainly for individual

investors, which is why the year 1989 was adopted as the

turning point for Neo-świdermajers. The newly created fa-

cilities are examples of specic critical regionalism, seeking

climate of pine forests, drawing the attention of doctors to

their positive eect in the treatment of lung diseases, as

well as the direct activity of Józef Geisler gave pretexts

for shaping the holiday character of the region. The town

of Otwock obtained the status of a health resort in 1924.

Wooden buildings along the historic Otwock line are often

associated with Michał Elwiro Andriolli. In the 1880s,

Andriolli was one of the pioneers of holiday resorts in the

discussed area. He founded the “Brzegi” colony located in

Otwock-Świder. The entire area ourished from the end

of the 19

century to the outbreak of World War II due

to the popularization of spending time in holiday resorts.

The 1920s and 1930s brought a planned urbanization pro-

cess to Otwock and the surrounding area. After the war,

new tenants were brought in, not related to this type of

construction. The lack of interest of the authorities and the

bad economic situation gradually led to the degradation

Fig. 3. Decorative profiles and ends of shuttering boards – examples:

a), h) Villa “Snitkówka”, Warszawa-Anin, ul. Traliwa 4,

b) Villa “Lodusieńka”, Warszawa-Radość, ul. Herbaciana 6,

c), d) Warszawa-Miedzeszyn, ul. Derwida 12,

e), f) Villa “Frankówka”, Józefów, ul. Kardynała Wyszyńskiego 2,

g) Villa “Benkówka”, Józefów, ul. 3 Maja 100, i) Otwock, ul. Prusa 7,

j) Villa “Wedla”, Otwock, ul. Kołłątaja 92 (drawing by T.J. Trzupek)

Il. 3. Ozdobne profile i zakończenia desek szalunkowych – przykłady:

a, h) Willa „Snitkówka”, Warszawa-Anin, ul. Trawiasta 4,

b) Willa „Lodusieńka”, Warszawa-Radość, ul. Herbaciana 6,

c, d) Warszawa-Miedzeszyn, ul. Derwida 12,

e, f) Willa „Frankówka”, Józefów, ul. Kardynała Wyszyńskiego 2,

g) Willa „Benkówka”, Józefów, ul. 3 Maja 100, i) Otwock, ul. Prusa 7,

j) Willa „Wedla”, Otwock, ul. Kołłątaja 92 (rys. T.J. Trzupek)

Continuation of the typology of the structures of Nadświdrzańska architecture in contemporary realizations 45

a modern house (e.g. garage, separation of the day and

night parts, functional relationship between the living

room and kitchen – Fig. 4d) to a solid with the features

of historical Nadświdrzańska architecture (addition, oset

– Figs. 4a–c). The kitchen, dining room and living room

are located to the south. An oce was placed on the north

side. Timber was used as the construction of the porch and

the formwork on the elevations on the 1

oor (Fig. 2b).

In shaping the functional layouts of Neo-Świdermajers,

some similarities can be noticed, consisting in the use of

a typical layout of contemporary residential houses for

a family, often with a combined kitchen and living room

(sometimes two-story). The verandas were an extension of

the living room as a terrace or a closed conservatory. Ga-

rages in the form imitating an additional veranda or risalit

have been integrated into the projections of the ground

oors. Study, bathrooms and sleeping rooms are located

on the 1

oor. Verandas on the upper storey served as ad-

ditional balconies for bedrooms or communication halls.

In relation to the plans and shape of the solid, archi-

tects and the press used the term “cross plan” referring to

the historic architecture of the region [26]. The authors

meant intersecting the main body and two avant-corps,

usually extended with a porch. The inclination angles of

the roofs in the buildings of Neo-świdermajer architecture

were similar to the historical examples of Nadświdrzań-

ska architecture. Studies on the shapes of solids and their

comparison with historical architecture have not been the

subject of research so far.

couplings of historical forms with contemporary require-

ments for year-round residential buildings

. References

to Nadświdrzańska architecture in new buildings appear

through the use of wood, the use of openwork details,

the presence of verandas, giving the buildings proportions

and solid features similar to Świdermajer architecture

(Fig. 2b). The buildings analyzed by the author come from

the same area as the historical examples, i.e. the southern

part of the Wawer district, the town of Józefów and Otwock

(Fig. 1).

The analyzed buildings have a year-round residential

function. The region has lost its resort status and charac-

ter, and investors are often people working in Warsaw,

looking for comfortable, relatively large houses built in

the vicinity of the capital, located near the railway line

and surrounded by forest. Health reasons are no longer

the main motivation behind settling in the vicinity of the

historic Otwock line. In conversations with the authors of

the Neo-świdermajer projects, it was revealed that it was

the investors themselves who were interested in architec-

ture referring to the historical buildings in the surroun-

dings, and in this way they wanted to maintain the local

identity of the place. On the plan of a single-family resi-

dential building located at 10A Skargi Street in Józefów,

there is a visible desire to match the functional layout of

Critical regionalism was an attempt to reconcile opposing forces

– dynamic, changing universalism and conservative regionalism [9], [25].

Fig. 4. Juxtaposition of plans of Nadświdrzańska architecture with plans of Neo-świdermajer architecture:

a) Hotel Polski, Otwock, 23 Kościelna Street, designed in 1924, 1

floor plan,

b) Villa “Agatka”, Otwock, 47 Mickiewicza Street, designed in 1930, 1

floor projection,

c) “Grandfather’s Villa”, Otwock, 43/47 Mickiewicza Street, designed in the 1930s, 1

floor projection,

d) single-family residential building, Józefów, 10A Skargi Street, ground floor plan, designed by M. Przepiórka (drawing by T.J. Trzupek)

Il. 4. Zestawienie rzutów architektury nadświdrzańskiej z rzutami architektury neoświdermajer:

a) Hotel Polski, Otwock, ul. Kościelna 23, proj. 1924 r., rzut 1. piętra, b) „Willa Agatka”, Otwock, ul. Mickiewicza 47, proj. 1930 r., rzut 1. piętra,

c) „Willa u Dziadka”, Otwock, ul. Mickiewicza 43/47, proj. lata 30. XX w., rzut 1. piętra,

d) budynek mieszkalny jednorodzinny, Józefów, ul. Skargi 10A, rzut parteru, proj. M. Przepiórka (rys. T.J. Trzupek)

a b c d

46 Tomasz Jakub Trzupek

Curvilinear vegetal decorations which were located in

the historical architecture under the protruding eaves of

the roofs, in Neo-świdermajer architecture are used much

more freely, e.g. in the balustrades of verandas in the buil-

ding located in Józefów at 51 Matejki Street. This type

of decoration was detached from its usual place [5]. Pat-

terns used in new architecture also come from processing

examples of decorations appearing in Liebold’s pattern

book. The example from 33b Długa Street in Otwock te-

sties to the vital inuence of Swiss architecture on con-

temporary buildings erected in the vicinity of the historic

Otwock line. The color scheme of the façade is dominated

by a combination of white plaster with a warm brown color

of wood with the grain pattern highlighted with varnish. As

such, the interior design is independent of the architectu-

re of the buildings. The interiors of Neo-świdermajers are

very diverse, reecting the needs of their owners. There are

exotic stones and types of wood, as well as rustic motifs.

Buildings of Neoświdermajer architecture are made

of standard, modern building materials. Concrete blocks,

ceramic hollow bricks, ceramic bricks and reinforced con-

crete appear in the wall structures. Wood is used as form-

work and in the skeletal construction of verandas. The

façades are mostly covered with plaster either entirely or

up to the ground oor.

Typology of Nadświdrzańska architecture

The author prepared charts presenting the axonometry

of building groups. The groups have been selected in such

a way as to highlight the similarities in shaping the solidsof

Nadświdrzańska and Neo-świdermajer architecture. Each

solid is accompanied by a number referring to a specic

buildings. Parts of the buildings have been drawn with

a black outline, and particularly important elements have

been highlighted with a black ll with white outlines such

as porches and avant-corps, or selected fragments of buil-

dings that prove their belonging to a group. In the course of

broader research, three main types of shaping solids were

distinguished, they were distinguished on the basis of the

number of avant-corps adjacent to the longer side of the

basic building solid and depending whether the side wings

of the building appear. There are also groups of buildings

separated due to the nature of the composition (complex,

compact, asymmetric systems, etc.) [1]. Only the basic type

will be presented in the article, as the most characteristic.

Type I – basic

In the groups presented within type I, there are examples

of the most characteristic shaping of the form of build-

ings of Nadświdrzańska architecture. In the basic type, the

main body is adjoined by 3- or 4-axis avant-corps, usually

nished with verandas. The typological board (Fig. 6) was

created with the emphasis on the relationship between the

central avant-corps in relation to the eaves and the ridge.

The rarest examples were the buildings at 24 Trawiasta

Street in Warsaw-Anin (Fig. 5.32), 46 Mickiewicza Street

(Fig. 5.33) in Otwock, where the central avant-corps ap-

pears on both sides and creates a body higher than the

basic one. In a brick building located in Otwock, at 13A

Konopnickiej Street (Fig. 5.34) one central avant-corps is

larger than the other. The author decided to include selec-

ted buildings (Fig. 5.6, 5.8, 5.22) on this board, despite

the presence of elements slightly disturbing the symmetry

of the solid.

Type I may also include buildings whose solid featu-

res indicated similarity to the basic type, also through de-

formations (change in the proportions of avant-corps, the

presence of more richly shaped elements or the extension

of the body in the basic type with additional elements). In

this approach, 85% of the 228 buildings of Nadświdrzań-

ska architecture examined by the author were classied as

type I or its deformation.

Research on Neo-świdermajer architecture

The axonometry of contemporary buildings was also

prepared in a similar way, and then the Neo-świderma-

jer architectural buildings were juxtaposed with selected

examples of historical Świdermajers (Fig. 6). Selected

buildings are representative of particular types dened for

historical solids. There is a clear tendency to shape the

bodies of new buildings in such a way that their form re-

sembles historical buildings. This process is not based on

scientic research, but using the experience, knowledge

and intuition of designers.

The basic type is represented in the following exam-

ples: N4, N8, N12. The rst deformation of the basic type,

consisting in re-scaling the avant-corps, is found in the

examples: N8, N11. Building N7 can be interpreted as

a basic type with richly shaped elements. The most pop-

ular deformation involving the expansion of type I with

additional solids manifests itself in the following forms:

N4, N7, N9, N13, N14, N19, N20. The basic type with-

out a central avant-corps is manifested in the shape of the

following buildings: N3, N6, N15. The deformation of the

basic type associated with the lack of a side avant-corps is

represented by N16 and N20 Neo-świdermajers. The basic

type without side avant-corps is reected in N2, N5, N10,

N19. Complex systems include N17; asymmetric systems

– N9 and N16; compact systems – N1 and N13; atypical

systems – N18. There is one building with a tower – N18

Among the examined contemporary buildings, there are

clear references to Nadświdrzańska architecture by shap-

ing the solids. The distinguished types nd their con ti -

nuation in the spatial compositions of contemporary build-

ings. The new buildings can be assigned to particular types

distinguished for the architecture of the region.

Discussion

The method of research consisting in a comparative

analysis of solids presented in axonometry could be

criticized as incompatible with the openwork and land-

scape character of Nadświdrzańska architecture, perceived

These groups are discussed in more detail in the author’s research

work [1].

Continuation of the typology of the structures of Nadświdrzańska architecture in contemporary realizations 47

Fig. 5. Type I – basic type: 1) Otwock, 42 Mickiewicza Street, 2) Otwock, 3 Mała Street, 3) Radość, 18 Jagody Street, 4) Otwock, 1 Koszykowa Street,

5) Otwock, 22 Konopnickiej Street, 6) Otwock, 5/7 Piaskowa Street, 7) Otwock, 104 Górna Street, 8) Falenica, 2 Początkowa Street,

9) Falenica, 14 Początkowa Street, 10) Otwock, 2 Pusta Street, 11) Otwock, 31 Mickiewicza Street, 12) Otwock, 27 Bagatela Street,

13) Falenica, 2 Początkowa Street, 14) Józefów, 102 3 Maja Street, 15) Otwock, 1 Smolna Street, 16) Otwock, 58 Szkolna Street,

17) Józefów, 2 Wyszyńskiego Street, 18) Józefów, 28 Wyszyńskiego Street, 19) Otwock, 23 Mickiewicza Street, 20) Otwock, 8 Kościelna Street,

21) Otwock, 2 Krótka Street, 22) Otwock, 11 Konopnickiej Street, 23) Otwock, 10 Krótka Street, 24) Otwock, 18 Turystyczna Street,

25) Otwock, 51 Narutowicza Street, 26) Otwock, 11 and 13 Jana Pawła II Street, 27) Józefów, 68 Wyszyńskiego Street,

28) Józefów, 100 3 Maja Street, 29) Anin, 4 Trawiasta Street, 30) Otwock, 33 Mickiewicza Street, 31) Otwock, 6 Czarneckiego Street,

32) Anin, 24 Trawiasta Street, 33) Otwock, 13 Piwna Street, 34) Otwock, 13A Konopnickiej Street (drawing by T.J. Trzupek)

Il. 5. Typ I – typ podstawowy: 1) Otwock, ul. Mickiewicza 42, 2) Otwock, ul. Mała 3, 3) Radość, ul. Jagody 18, 4) Otwock, ul. Koszykowa 1,

5) Otwock, ul. Konopnickiej 22, 6) Otwock, ul. Piaskowa 5/7, 7) Otwock, ul. Górna 104, 8) Falenica, ul. Początkowa 2, 9) Falenica, ul. Początkowa 14,

10) Otwock, ul. Pusta 2, 11) Otwock, ul. Mickiewicza 31, 12) Otwock, ul. Bagatela 27, 13) Falenica, ul. Początkowa 2, 14) Józefów, ul. 3 Maja 102,

15) Otwock, ul. Smolna 1, 16) Otwock, ul. Szkolna 58, 17) Józefów, ul. Wyszyńskiego 2, 18) Józefów, ul. Wyszyńskiego 28,

19) Otwock, ul. Mickiewicza 23, 20) Otwock, ul. Kościelna 8, 21) Otwock, ul. Krótka 2, 22) Otwock, ul. Konopnickiej 11, 23) Otwock, ul. Krótka 10,

24) Otwock, ul. Turystyczna 18, 25) Otwock, ul. Narutowicza 51, 26) Otwock, ul. Jana Pawła II 11 i 13, 27) Józefów, ul. Wyszyńskiego 68,

28) Józefów, ul. 3 Maja 100, 29) Anin, ul. Trawiasta 4, 30) Otwock, ul. Mickiewicza 33, 31) Otwock, ul. Czarneckiego 6, 32) Anin, ul. Trawiasta 24,

33) Otwock, ul. Piwna 13, 34) Otwock, ul. Konopnickiej 13A (rys. T.J. Trzupek)

48 Tomasz Jakub Trzupek

Fig. 6. Comparison of the analyzed solids of Neo-świdermajer architecture with selected examples of Nadświdrzańska architecture:

1) Otwock, 16 Chopina Street, 2) Otwock, 2 Prusa Street, 3) Józefów, 103 3 Maja Street, 4) Otwock, 38 Samorządowa Street,

5) Otwock, 5 Szlachecka Street, 6) Józefów, 68 Wyszyńskiego Street, 7) Otwock, 35 Mickiewicza Street, 8) Otwock, 68 Wiejska Street,

9) Józefów, 65 3 Maja Street, 10) Otwock, 46 Mickiewicza Street, 11) Otwock, 10 Moniuszki Street, 12) Otwock, 115 Majowa Street,

13) Falenica, 99 Bysławska Street, 14) Józefów, 65 3 Maja Street, N1) Józefów, 118 3 Maja Street, N2) Józefów, 122 3 Maja Street,

N3) Józefów, 124 3 Maja Street, N4) Józefów, 31 Długa Street, N5) Józefów, 33 Długa Street, N6) Józefów, 33A Długa Street,

N7) Józefów, 33B Długa Street, N8) Józefów, 11 Jałowcowa Street, N9) Józefów, F. Malinowskiego [nl], N10) Józefów, 51 Matejki Street,

N11) Józefów, 10A Skargi Street, N12) Józefów, 8 Sosnowa Street, N13) Józefów, 1A Wodna Street, N14) Otwock, 6 Jałowcowa Street,

N15) Otwock, 157 Majowa Street,

N16) Otwock, 1A Wierzbowa Street, N17) Otwock, 45A Zaciszna Street,

N18) Otwock, 42B Zaciszna Street,

N19) Otwock, 42C Zaciszna Street, N20) Otwock, 42D Zaciszna Street (drawing by T.J. Trzupek)

Il. 6. Zestawienie przeanalizowanych brył obiektów architektury neoświdermajer z wybranymi przykładami architektury nadświdrzańskiej:

1) Otwock, ul. Chopina 16, 2) Otwock, ul. Prusa 2, 3) Józefów, ul. 3 Maja 103, 4) Otwock, ul. Samorządowa 38, 5) Otwock, ul. Szlachecka 5,

6) Józefów, ul. Wyszyńskiego 68, 7) Otwock, ul. Mickiewicza 35, 8) Otwock, ul. Wiejska 68, 9) Józefów, ul. 3 Maja 65,

10) Otwock, ul. Mickiewicza 46, 11) Otwock, ul. Moniuszki 10, 12) Otwock, ul. Majowa 115, 13) Falenica, ul. Bysławska 99,

14) Józefów, ul. 3 Maja 65, N1) Józefów, ul. 3 Maja 118, N2) Józefów, ul. 3 Maja 122, N3) Józefów, ul. 3 Maja 124, N4) Józefów, ul. Długa 31,

N5) Józefów, ul. Długa 33, N6) Józefów, ul. Długa 33A, N7) Józefów, ul. Długa 33B, N8) Józefów, ul. Jałowcowa 11,

N9) Józefów, ul. ks. Malinowskiego [b.n.], N10) Józefów, ul. Matejki 51,

N11) Józefów, ul. Skargi 10A, N12) Józefów, ul. Sosnowa 8,

N13) Józefów, ul. Wodna 1A, N14) Otwock, ul. Jałowcowa 6, N15) Otwock, ul. Majowa 157, N16) Otwock, ul. Wierzbowa 1A,

N17) Otwock, ul. Zaciszna 45A, N18) Otwock, ul. Zaciszna 42B, N19) Otwock, ul. Zaciszna 42C, N20) Otwock, ul. Zaciszna 42D

(rys. T.J. Trzupek)

through the prism of its decorations. Looking at the de-

veloped buildings as a set of simplied solids, however,

allows usto look for common features of the architecture

in an objective way and isolate those that dier from the

others. The most popular Świdermajers tend to be richly

decorated, but there are also buildings with similar solid

features with clearly reduced details. Over the course of

a hundred years, some of the buildings underwent signif-

icant reconstruction or partial demolition, so that individ-

ual buildings could originally belong to dierent types.

The selection of new examples limited to 20 specic

examples can also be questioned. The choice was made in

Continuation of the typology of the structures of Nadświdrzańska architecture in contemporary realizations 49

terms of a conscious reference to Świdermajer architec-

ture, which is the result of the activity of architects-gradu-

ates of the Faculty of Architecture of the Warsaw Univer-

sity of Technology, in their declarations referring to the

concept of genius loci and identity continuity of the area

of the historical Otwock line.

Conclusions

The article conrms the thesis on the variety of ways of

shaping solids in Nadświdrzańska architecture. The pos-

sibility of separating the basic types of solids has been

proven. New buildings can be assigned to the typology

created for historical buildings. The analysis of 228 exam-

ples of Świdermajers showed the richness and diversity

in the ways of shaping buildings. The basic type and its

deformations account for about 85% of the tested resour-

ce. Architecture created after 1989, referring to local hi-

storical architecture (e.g. through the use of architectural

details, using a similar scale and solid features) continue

the spatial arrangements of the historical architecture ty-

pes. The new buildings can be assigned to particular types

distinguished for the architecture of the discussed region.

The examination of contemporary buildings showed the

architects’ aspirations to refer to the historical architecture

with the shape of their own buildings.

Prospects for continuing research

From the perspective of the described research, it seems

reasonable to conduct comparative studies of the obta-

ined results and forms of summer resort architecture in

selected parts of Poland. Particularly interesting results

could be obtained by a typological juxtaposition of veran-

das, which, in addition to the decoration and shape of the

solids, are a key identity component of Nadświdrzańska

architecture. A separate issue could be the development

of a catalog of existing shutter board endings and open-

work porch decorations, so as to be able to determine their

specicity against the background of other examples of

wooden and holiday architecture in Poland. In order to

determine the stylistic features, thorough research on the

location of buildings and their relationship to the cardinal

directions (especially verandas) would be needed.

Another, perhaps the most interesting perspective for

the continuation of the research would be to compare the

typologies of holiday architecture solidsfound in various

regions of Poland, as well as in Europe. This would make

it possible to verify the views on the complete autonomy

or secondary nature of the phenomenon of Świdermajer

architecture in relation to forms erected at a similar time

with a similar function, but in other regions. The perfor-

med research can be used to analyze changes in the ways

of shaping solids in chronological terms.

The presented research results can be further develo-

ped by generating model and variant geometries of forms

using computer or manual techniques to examine the

limits of the idea of Świdermajer and to determine possi-

ble shapes that would be referring to local heritage.

Translated by

Tomasz J. Trzupek

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50 Tomasz Jakub Trzupek

Abstract

Continuation of the typology of the structures of Nadświdrzańska architecture in contemporary realizations

The subject of the article is Nadświdrzańska architecture, commonly known as Świdermajer, and the architecture referred to as Neo-świdermajer,

i.e. new buildings appearing in the discussed region and referring to historical architecture. The aim was to present the most characteristic type of

shaping historical forms and to prove that contemporary buildings continue these systems. A typological comparative analysis of solid systems was

used for this purpose. The text presents the genesis of the phenomenon, the state of research, typology and drawings showing the most characteristic

elements of the discussed architecture (verandas and decorative formwork proles), lists of projections of historical and contemporary buildings and

boards juxtaposing the solids of Nadświdrzańska architecture and Neo-świdermajer.

On the basis of the presented material, it can be concluded that the theses regarding the variety of ways of shaping solids in the historical architec-

ture and the assumption of the possibility of distinguishing dominant types of shaping solids have been conrmed. New architecture can be assigned

to specic typologies of historical buildings. Thus, this work begins a scientic reection on a new phenomenon, which is Neo-świdermajer.

Key words: Nadświdrzańska architecture, Świdermajer, Neo-świdermajer, typology

Streszczenie

Kontynuacja typologii brył architektury nadświdrzańskiej we współczesnych realizacjach

Tematem artykułu jest architektura nadświdrzańska, zwana potocznie świdermajerem, oraz architektura określana jako neoświdermajer, czyli

nowe obiekty pojawiające się w omawianym regionie i nawiązujące do obiektów historycznych. Celem autora było przedstawienie najbardziej

charakterystycznego typu kształtowania brył obiektów historycznych i udowodnienie, że współczesne obiekty kontynuują te układy. Wykorzystano

do tego typologiczną analizę porównawczą układów brył. W tekście przedstawiono genezę zjawiska, stan badań, typologię oraz zaprezentowano

rysunki przedstawiające najbardziej charakterystyczne elementy omawianej architektury (werandy i ozdobne prole szalunków), zestawienia rzutów

obiektów historycznych i współczesnych, plansze zestawiające ze sobą bryły architektury nadświdrzańskiej i neoświdermajer.

Na podstawie przedstawionego materiału można stwierdzić, że wysunięte tezy dotyczące różnorodności sposobów kształtowania brył w ar-

chitekturze nadświdrzańskiej i założenie możliwości wyodrębnienia dominujących typów kształtowania brył zostały potwierdzone. Nowe obiekty

można przyporządkować określonym typologiom budynków historycznych. Tym samym niniejsza praca rozpoczyna naukową reeksję nad nowym

zjawiskiem, jakim jest neoświdermajer.

Słowa kluczowe: architektura nadświdrzańska, świdermajer, neoświdermajer, typologia

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