Maswerkowe okna z XIV wieku na Śląsku

Hanna Golasz-Szołomicka

doi:10.5277/arc120103

Streszczenie

Kościoły z XIV w. otrzymały wysokie okna o rozbudowanych i wielopłaszczyznowych maswerkach. Stanowią one rozwinięcie kompozycji XIII-wiecznej, ale o bardziej złożonych układach. W XIV w. pojawiły się nowe elementy: rybie pęcherze, forma tarczy herbowej oraz rozbudowane wieloliście i układy wirujące. Maswerki można podzielić na centralne, centralne rozbudowane i kilkupoziomowe. W układzie centralnym i centralnym rozbudowanym w podłuczu umieszczano koło, kwadrat, trójkąt wypełniony wieloliśćmi, rybimi pęcherzami, elementami o układzie promienistym lub wirującym. Maswerki kilkupoziomowe składały się z kół, trójkątów, kwadratów wypełnionych wieloliśćmi ułożonymi piętrowo. W kompozycji kilkupoziomowej koncentrycznej układano wokół środkowego ostrołuku elementy w układzie koncentrycznym.

Słowa kluczowe:
article
kościoły-śląskie-z-xiv-w.
układ-okien-w-elewacji
maswerki-o-kompozycji-centralnej
maswerki-o-kompozycji-centralnej-rozbudowanej
maswerki-o-kompozycji-kilkupoziomowej

Podgląd pełnego artykułu jest możliwy wyłącznie na większych ekranach.

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Tracery windows from the 14

century in Silesia

This paper continues the earlier publications on win-

dows from the 13

century [3], [6]. During that century,

the size of windows grew considerably and tracery

developed various composition patterns. The tracery

windows from the 14

century have not been subject to

research so far; they are merely mentioned in mono-

graphs and rarely are their drawings or photographs

shown. They were used in basilicas and hall churches

which served various purposes. They were selected on

the basis of existing studies dated from the 14

century.

Traceries have been preserved in churches in 17 cities.

Some of them have been renovated or restored in Neo-

Gothic forms [1], [20], [21]. Today their changes are

often difficult to detect. It seems that most of the tracery

windows presented below are original; however, it is not

completely certain. A few windows which were proba-

bly renovated in the 19

century have also been pre-

sented [3], [6].

Introduction

Windows in church elevations

The constructions of such hall churches as the Church of

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continued in the 14

century. The three-light, tall, and wide

windows in the elevations of the elongated naves of the

first two churches are located uniformly between buttresses

– similarly to the windows in their older east parts. In the

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the south in about 1260, there are four uniformly located

three-light windows in its south elevation [3]. Its north

wall, whose elevation has a different design, was con-

structed at the beginning of the 14

century. Between the

buttresses, there are three tall windows, two of which have

two lights, and the third, west one has four lights. There is

no window in the fourth, west bay of the main body of the

church as there was a staircase tower there. Surely, that is

why the west window of the north elevation is twice as

wide. It is, however, difficult to explain why the remaining

two windows are narrow and have two lights and not three

as in the south elevation.

Much smaller windows were built in the Collegiate

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side chapels with a sacristy from 1335–1345 and a three-

aisled hall completed in 1401 [9]. The chapels, which

were constructed at the very beginning between the but-

tresses of the elongated walls of the nave, made the build-

ing resemble a basilica. The windows in the polygonal

presbytery were tall but the traceries have not been pre-

served with the exception of one window which was

walled-up in the Middle Ages. The two-light windows in

the two-storied chapels of the presbytery have been pre-

served. In each of the elongated elevations of the nave,

there were five windows reaching the roof of the chapels

with three-light traceries. The windows in the chapels of

the main body of the church are Neo-Gothic and have no

traceries.

The windows in the Parish Church in Strzegom, which

is a basilica, are not so tall as in hall churches but they are

very wide. In the presbytery and the main body of the

church from about 1335–1370 [1], [19], the windows of

the nave have traceries with four lights, and in the aisle

three lights and some with two lights. The transept and the

presbytery come from about 1370 – the 1

quarter of the

century. There are very tall windows in the middle

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DOI: 10.5277/arc120103

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Tracery windows from the 14

century in Silesia 23

Windows in internal elevations

The heights of internal and external elevations in hall

churches are the same. The windows are located in tall

external walls of the aisles. In most churches, the walls are

smooth and the windows are located right under the vaults

going down very low. In the upper section of the walls

between windows, there are such vault elements as corbels

and ribs. Only the south wall in the Church of the Blessed

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with broad lesenes (Fig. 2). There are no lesenes on the

north wall, and the brick strips corresponding to the lesenes

were preserved after the postwar reconstruction [16].

In basilicas, the internal elevation of the nave is much

taller than the external one blocked by the aisles. In most

buildings, it is composed of arcades, a strip of plane wall,

and windows located high, with corbels and vault ribs

between them. In the St. Nicholas’ Church in Brzeg, there

is a strip of wall over arcades and window recesses go all

the way to the level of the arcades, architecturally dividing

the walls. Only a few buildings have lesenes. They are on

the pillars and walls of the nave in St. Elisabeth’s Church

(1308–1387) and St. Mary Magdalene’s Church (1330–

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with windows located high in the upper section. The inter-

nal surfaces of the walls of the aisles remain smooth and

have no lesenes. The tests of texture and colors of the walls

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century, apart from the elements of architectural divisions,

also different colors were applied (brick, plaster), which

emphasized the natural divisions: for instance brick edges

near plastered window recesses or brick edges of pillars.

Two-color window recesses are the elements of the whole

color composition of the wall and the interior.

Tracery patterns

Windows had wide splayed jambs on both sides. Only

in a few structures, the jambs were molded. The patterns

of tracery in the upper part of the window can be divided,

similarly to the division in the 13

century, into those

with central composition and those with several levels,

and their arrangement could vary in one elevation. The

cross sections of mullions are elongated with double trap-

ezoids and offsets, hollows and sometimes roll moldings,

which result in a multi-layered molding. The external

molding elements provide the general shape of tracery

(visible in partially walled-up windows, e.g. in Strzegom),

and those located deeper render a layered filling in differ-

ent geometrical shapes. Sometimes the mullions were

embellished with roll moldings, especially in very large

windows. However, the bases and capitals on roll mold-

ings, which were applied frequently in the 13

century

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century, were no

longer used.

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extend into three pointed arches of different heights with

open trefoils and multifoils in them, and closed almond-

shaped trefoils, and closed circular quatrefoils above them.

On the south side, the mullions in two windows extend

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the axis – in the middle light – there is a semi-circle with

an open quatrefoil. In the upper part of the window, in

a curved square, there are four circular quatrefoils. Both

sections are completed diagonally with mouchettes. In

two other south windows, the mullion in the middle

extends into a tall pointed arch filled by a closed almond-

shaped trefoil and an open almond-shaped trefoil under it.

In the upper part of the window, there is a circle with an

inscribed circular quatrefoil and two mouchettes. The

other two mouchettes fill the larger circle. The two circles

are not concentric but tangential in the upper part, and the

larger one is open in the lower middle light.

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in the presbytery (1300–1330) [1], [14], there are tall

tracery windows, the largest of which is the east window

with three lights. Its slender mullions with goblet-shaped

capitals and small bases meet at the top to form trefoils.

The upper part of the window is filled with a rosette

formed by elongated trefoils closed in pointed arches.

Over the rosette, there is a small trefoil formed by open

pointed trefoils. Side windows of the polygonal presby-

tery have extended central patterns. Over two levels of

trefoils in pointed arches, there are three circles with qua-

trefoils arranged radially. The south elevation has five

three-light windows with identical tracery patterns (recon-

structed), with a concentric arrangement. The middle

pointed arch with an open trefoil is topped with a closed

trefoil enclosed in a taller pointed arch. Above them, there

is a large circle with a quatrefoil. Above side pointed tre-

foliated arches, there are smaller circles with trefoils.

The nave of the &DWKHGUDOLQ:URFáDZ has an original

walled-up tracery window in the north wall (from the times of

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light window with a tall pointed arch in the middle light.

Above the pointed arch, there is a circular quatrefoil in a cir-

cle, and on the sides, above the side shorter pointed arches,

there are similar quatrefoils in a circle, and pointed quatrefoils

in a curved square above them. The side pointed arches,

similarly to the middle pointed arch, had additional pointed

trefoils at the bottom but slightly higher, and there was

a pointed trefoil above it. That arrangement resembles the

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The &LVWHUFLDQ&KXUFKLQ.DPLHQLHF=ąENRZLFNL has

five tall three-light windows in the south elevation of the

nave (1

half of the 14

century) [7], [12]. Three middle

windows have identical several-level tracery patterns, and

the outermost windows have central compositions in the

upper part of the window. In the tracery of the right win-

dow, in a large circle, there are six elongated trefoils con-

nected by the central circle. The mullions extend into

pointed arches of various heights which is the result of their

connection with the circle. An open pointed trefoil is

inscribed in the shorter middle pointed arch, and pointed

multifoils are inscribed in the taller side pointed arches.

The mullions in the last window on the left side branch

into three pointed arches, the one in the middle being

slightly taller with inscribed open trefoils. In the middle

part, the trefoil is placed slightly lower and there is a closed

trefoil above it. Above it, there is a centrally located circle

with an inscribed circular cinquefoil, and the trefoils have

flattened arches on both sides.

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VRXWKZLQGRZRIWKHSUHVE\WHU\LQWKHCollegiate Church

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The Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the Sand

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TXDWUHIRLO

The Parish Church in StrzegomQDYH±FLU

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FHQWXU\LQ6LOHVLD 27

Despite different times of the construction of the nave

and the presbytery, the traceries in the nave were designed

for the whole long south and north elevations. They feature

a few patterns repeated in two windows next to each other,

corresponding to each other on south and north sides.

Looking from the east, they have central patterns with

a quatrefoil in a circle and with mouchettes, the three

curved triangles filled with pointed trefoils. The next trac-

eries feature a large circular quatrefoil inscribed in a circle,

with a mouchette from the bottom, the next window has

a tracery pattern repeated from the first two windows. The

west window in the south elevation was walled up, whereas

the one on the north side has a tracery with a several-level

pattern with trefoils and mouchettes.

In the aisles, there are 10 original three-light tracery

windows as well as portals in two bays, and the remaining

windows were removed during the construction of chapels.

The patterns are very complex, with only one of them

repeated in different windows on the south and north sides,

similar to the first windows in the nave. Most traceries

feature central patterns, one has several levels and one is

concentric. The pattern of that last one has three circles

with an inscribed quatrefoil arranged in two levels. The

middle section of the mullions, which extend into a pointed

arch with a trefoil, go high to the upper circle, and two

smaller circles surround it from the sides. The several-level

pattern has mullions which extend into pointed arches filled

with two levels of trefoils and mouchettes, and in the upper

part of the window, there is a quatrefoil. The west tracery

and east tracery on the south side have the most elaborate

forms. The former features four open circular trefoils in

a circle, creating the central quatrefoil. The mullions extend

into storied trefoils. The east tracery has a circle filled with

an open quatrefoil with inscribed trefoils, and a small circle

with a trefoil in the middle. Under a large circle, there are

two mouchettes which go to pointed arches with trefoils

into which the mullions extend.

There are five windows from the east of the church –

three in the apse and two in the east walls of the aisles. The

windows in the apse are exceptionally tall – their upper part

reaches the level of the windows in the nave, and the sills

are at the level of the windows of the aisles. That is why the

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28 +DQQD*RODV]6]RáRPLFND

windows are additionally divided with a bar at the level of

the sills of the windows in the nave. The lower part of the

mullions extended into pointed arches with inscribed tre-

foils. The window on the axis of the three-sided apse is the

only window with four lights. Above the pairs of pointed

arches with trefoils, there are circles with trefoils, and

above them – a large circle with a circular quatrefoil filled

with open trefoils. The side windows of the apse have trac-

eries with three lights with the same pattern with an octofoil

inscribed in a circle and a mouchette from the bottom. The

windows in east walls of the aisles also have the same trac-

eries – with a central extended pattern which features four

circular quatrefoils in a curved square, two mouchettes and

pointed arches of the mullions filled with two levels of

circular trefoils, of which the upper side ones are reversed.

The 3DULVK&KXUFKLQĝZLGQLFD (at present the cathe-

dral) has an older presbytery (1330–1386, nave – 1360–

1375, chapels – 15

century) [1], [4] in which there are two

original windows at the end of north aisle. These are three-

light windows with mullions extending into pointed arches

with inscribed pointed trefoils. Above them in one window,

there are three curved triangles with inscribed pointed tre-

foils on non-radial several levels. In the other window, the

middle pointed arch is taller with an additional closed tre-

foil, and alternately quatrefoils and armorial shields with

open trefoils around it. The lower blocks of that tracery are

darker than the upper ones, and a large pointed arch is

slightly lowered in relation to the profile of the jambs. The

first tracery is fitted to the pointed arch but the jambs have

traces of rebuilding.

The 3DULVK&KXUFKLQ3DF]NyZ (1360–1389) [1] has

most of its original tracery windows, and only a few of

them were walled up. This is a hall church with a long

polygonal presbytery, a tower in the north-east corner, and

extensions. The windows are tall, rather narrow, with two

lights, except for the middle window with three lights in

the west elevation. The mullions in the windows extend

into pointed and often semicircular arches, filled with

circular trefoils. In the upper part of the window, the trac-

eries are very elaborate with central and several-level

patterns. In the east window, there is a circular quatrefoil

in a circle surrounded by two mouchettes from the bot-

tom. The window on the north side is filled with a square

with a large pointed quatrefoil, and a curved triangle filled

with three asymmetrically elongated trefoils (in other

words three mouchettes are cut concavely from inside).

The next windows from the east on the south side of the

presbytery do not repeat the pattern from the north side.

The upper parts of the first and third windows are filled

with a circle with three and four mouchettes. The mul-

lions in the second window extend into pointed arches

with slender open pointed trefoils. In the middle above

pointed arches, the form of trefoil is repeated but it is sur-

rounded by a circle open from the bottom. There are

slender mouchettes on its sides.

All four windows in the south elevation of the nave in

3DF]NyZDUHRULJLQDOHDFKZLWKGLIIHUHQWWUDFHU\SDWWHUQV

The first window from the east has a circle with a circular

quatrefoil in the upper part of the window. The next tracery

has a large pointed trefoil connected with the middle circle

filled with a pointed trefoil. The next tracery has a small

circle with a circular trefoil with two fairly large mouchettes

from the top. The mullions in the last window extend into

flattened pointed arches with inscribed pointed open tre-

foils. There are two pointed arches on the axis, one above

the other, and asymmetric closed pointed trefoils in the

shape similar to an armorial shield on the sides.

The mullions in the three west windows extend into

pointed arches filled with open pointed trefoils. In the

upper part of the windows, there are traceries with central

patterns. In the side two-light windows, this is a pattern

with a circle filled with three mouchettes whirling left,

and in the middle window, there is a quatrefoil with an

internal circle, filled with pointed trefoils, and the whole

arrangement is in a curved quatrefoil. There are pointed

arches with closed pointed trefoils between bottom point-

ed arches and a curved square. The bottom part of the

window, almost 2/3, is walled-up in the clearance, with

the remaining part with three pointed blanks filled with

a pointed trefoil.

The6W'RURWK\¶V&KXUFKLQ:URFáDZ [13] has in its

presbytery (1351–1381) four types of tracery with three

lights, three on each side. In the apse in the middle in the

upper part of the window, there are three curved triangles

with pointed open trefoil, and three circles with inscribed

open circular trefoil on the sides. In the north elevation, the

first and third window has three elements in the upper part

of the window – two circles with an inscribed trefoil, and

above them a pointed trefoil, deformed to fit the shape of

the pointed arch. In the second north window above the

lower pointed arches with inscribed pointed trefoils, there

are two wide pointed arches with similar trefoils, and

a form similar to a mouchette in the top but with unusual

proportions. On the south side of the presbytery, there are

repeated two traceries with circles and wide trefoils, and

three curved triangles additionally in a circle in the middle,

except for the bottom part. In several traceries, there is

a form of pointed arch going in between circles, creating

ogival shapes. In the nave (1381 – the beginning of the 15

century), there are six tracery windows on the south side.

Two east windows are identical, with two circles in the

tracery just like in the presbytery, and a trefoil above them.

That tracery is repeated twice, and there are two other ones

with patterns composed of three elongated and deformed

trefoils between them. The way in which they were made,

which is less precise, indicates that they come from the 19

century.

The &RUSXV &KULVWL &KXUFK LQ :URFáDZ (1366–

1410) [13] has ten windows with seven tracery patterns

(Fig. 6). The west tracery with four lights has a central

pattern with a large circular quatrefoil inscribed in a cir-

cle. There are two pointed arches below it with a circle in

the middle and two trefoils ogival in shape. The mullions

in the remaining three-light windows also extend into

trefoils, one of them ogival in shape. Two tracery patterns

feature a trefoil in a circle. In one of them, it is surround-

ed by mouchettes and elongated trefoils; in the other, two

circles are topped with an open pointed quatrefoil. In the

next central pattern tracery, there is an element with

D³TXDWUHIRLO´ZKRVHWZRDUPVDUHFLUFXODUDQGWKHRWKHU

 7UDFHU\ZLQGRZVIURPWKH

FHQWXU\LQ6LOHVLD 29

two pointed ones with a tip. The tracery in the middle

window in the south elevation has a lot of small curvilin-

ear elements, resembling a radial pattern.

The 3DULVK &KXUFKRI 6W /DZUHQFH LQ :RáyZ (the

century) [20] has only one tracery window in the sac-

risty located in the basement of the tower in the north-east

corner between the presbytery and the nave. It is a two-light

window with a several-level tracery pattern composed of

pointed trefoils and quatrefoils.

The 3DULVK&KXUFKLQĝZLHU]DZD (presbytery 1381–

1382, nave – the 1

half of the 15

century) [20] has

a long polygonal presbytery with narrow two-light win-

dows with the same tracery pattern. Their mullions extend

into trefoils in a pointed arch and a sexfoil in a circle. The

jambs are profiled with two roll moldings and hollows in

between them. Some roll moldings built from polygonal

brick bars are visible under damaged plaster.

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PHGLHYDO"

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SUHVE\WHU\EXLOW LQWKH

KDOIRIWKH

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EHJLQQLQJRIWKH

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ZLWKWKUHHSRO\JRQVIURPWKHHDVWLQSODFHRILWVHDUOLHUHDVW

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WKHDLVOHH[WHQGLQWRSRLQWHGDQGVHPLFLUFXODUDUFKHVDQG

WKHUHDUHFHQWUDOSDWWHUQVZLWKYDULRXVIRUPVLQWKHXSSHU

SDUWRIWKHZLQGRZ7KHWUDFHU\RIWKHHDVWIRXUOLJKWZLQ-

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7KHSDWWHUQZLWKPXOOLRQVZKLFKH[WHQGLQWRVHPLFLUFXODU

DUFKHVDUHUHSHDWHGLQWKHVLGHZLQGRZVRIWKHSRO\JRQRI

WKH QDYH 7KH WUDFHU\ RI WKH HDVW IRXUOLJKW ZLQGRZ KDV

DFHQWUDOSDWWHUQZLWKWZROHYHOVZLWKRSHQTXDWUHIRLOV

The Parish Church in NysaQDYHEHIRUHSUHVE\-

WHU\±>@>@KDVH[FHSWLRQDOO\ZLGHIRXUOLJKW

ZLQGRZVLQHORQJDWHGHOHYDWLRQV7KHLUWUDFHU\SDWWHUQVDUH

GLIIHUHQW PRVWO\ FHQWUDO ZKLFK DUH DOVRSUHVHQWLQ RWKHU

FKXUFKHVIRULQVWDQFHLQWKH3DULVK&KXUFKLQ%U]HJ7KH

WKLUGZLQGRZIURPWKHZHVWLQWKHVRXWKHOHYDWLRQKDVDQ

H[FHSWLRQDOWUDFHU\ZKHUHWKHPXOOLRQVH[WHQGLQWRRJLYDO

DUFKHV ZKLFK VPRRWKO\ JR LQWR WKUHH FLUFOHV ILOOHG ZLWK

VKRUWFLUFXODUWUHIRLOVZLWKKHDUWIRUPVDWWKHLUHQGV7KH

XSSHUOHYHOLVFRPSRVHGRIWZRVLPLODUFLUFOHV

7KH WZR ZHVW ZLQGRZV LQ WKH &ROOHJLDWH &KXUFK LQ

:URFáDZDQGLQWKHParish Church in NysaIHDWXUHH[TXL-

VLWHVL[OLJKWWUDFHULHVZLWKHODERUDWHSDWWHUQVLQWKHXSSHU

SDUWRIWKHZLQGRZV,WLVQRWKRZHYHUFHUWDLQLIWKHWUDFHU-

LHVLQVXFKODUJHZLQGRZVDUHRULJLQDO

Conclusion

7KH WUDFHU\ SDWWHUQV IURP WKH 

 FHQWXU\ DUH PRUH

HODERUDWH WKDQ WKRVH IURP WKH 

 FHQWXU\7KH\ FDQ EH

GLYLGHGLQWRFHQWUDOSDWWHUQVH[WHQGHGFHQWUDOSDWWHUQVDQG

VHYHUDOOHYHOSDWWHUQV7KH\FRQWLQXHRUIXUWKHUGHYHORSWKH

FRPSRVLWLRQVIURPWKH

FHQWXU\>@7KHQHZHOHPHQWV

ZKLFKDSSHDUHGLQWKH

FHQWXU\LQFOXGHPRXFKHWWHVWKH

ROGHVW PRVW SUREDEO\ EHLQJ WKH RQH LQ WKH &ROOHJLDWH

&KXUFKRIWKH+RO\&URVVLQ:URFáDZ



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LQVFULEHG WUHIRLOV DQG WKH SDWWHUQ LQ WKH PLGGOH ZLWK D

PXOWLIRLOHQFORVHGLQDFLUFOHRUWKUHHHOHPHQWVDUUDQJHG

UDGLDOO)LJ,Q=áRWRU\MDRSHQWUHIRLOVDUHFRQQHFWHG

E\ IOHXUGHO\V

 7KH WUDFHULHV ZLWK FLUFXODU FHQWUDO SDW-

WHUQV)LJ$LQWKH'RPLQLFDQ&KXUFKLQ:URFáDZDQG

LQ.DPLHQLHF=ąENRZLFNLDQG1\VDDSSHDULQURVHZLQ-

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FHQWXU\LQ6LOHVLD 33

ment in the tracery patterns from the 14

century was the

armorial shield with a inscribed open trefoil.

Each of the tracery patterns features a great variety of

forms, shapes, and mutual proportions of their component

elements. Special attention should be drawn to the applica-

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ments with fluid lines, as well as whirling patterns.

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Translated by

7DGHXV]6]DáDPDFKD

34 +DQQD*RODV]6]RáRPLFND

References

[1] Architektura gotycka w Polsce70URF]NRDQG0$UV]\ĔVNLHG

Vol. 2: Katalog zabytków$:áRGDUHNHG:DUV]DZD

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