Strategie projektowe służące osiągnięciu monomateriałowych ustrojów

Tomasz Broma

doi:10.37190/arc250211

Streszczenie

Rosnące wymagania wobec wieloaspektowej efektywności budynków skutkują wzrostem poziomu skomplikowania ich przegród. Prowadzi to do rozszczepiania się tych przegród na kolejne wyspecjalizowane warstwy, a w konsekwencji do powstawania złożonych ustrojów wielomateriałowych – skomplikowanych wykonawczo, wymagających zaawansowanej wiedzy oraz dużych nakładów finansowych i zasobów, ale także cechujących się wzrostem poziomu awaryjności i szybszą degradacją. Alternatywą są ustroje monomateriałowe – heterogeniczne pod względem materiału wykorzystanego do wzniesienia budynku. Ich stosowanie może przyczynić się do wzrostu poziomu zrównoważenia i inkluzywności technologicznej, a także do wypracowania nowej estetyki, co wpisuje się w wartości promowane w projekcie Nowego Europejskiego Bauhausu.

Celem autora było wyprowadzenie strategii projektowych, których zastosowanie pozwala osiągnąć przegrody, a w rezultacie także ustroje monomateriałowe. Badaniem objęto przegrody o cechach monomateriałowych, które zidentyfikowano we współcześnie zrealizowanych budynkach na obszarze Europy. Ich wyboru dokonano na podstawie przeglądu literatury przedmiotu. Następnie w analizie opartej na studium przypadku, desk research i badaniu dokumentów określono zastosowane materiały bazowe i zidentyfikowano wewnętrzną budowę przegród poprzez wyznaczenie liczby warstw i wskazanie pełnionych przez warstwy funkcji. Wskazano także sposoby wykorzystania materiału bazowego, które doprowadziły do uzyskania przegród o cechach monomateriałowych. Następnie przez porównanie i syntezę, zidentyfikowano, usystematyzowano i opisano strategie w dążeniu do osiągnięcia ustrojów o charakterze monomateriałowym.

W artykule wykazano, że strategie te definiowane są poprzez operacje dokonywane w ujęciu funkcjonalnym na warstwach przegrody. Obejmują one trzy typy działań: unifikację warstw, spajanie warstw i zwielokrotnianie warstw. Wiąże się to bezpośrednio ze zmianą sposobu podejścia do materiału, czego efektem jest odpowiednie jego wykorzystanie, wzmocnienie lub wzbudzenie nowych właściwości tego materiału. W ramach każdej ze strategii wyróżniono trzy takie sposoby podejścia. Pierwszy związany jest z modyfikowaniem wewnętrznej konfiguracji materiału bazowego, drugi – z kształtowaniem materiału bazowego, a trzeci – z nagromadzeniem niezmienionego materiału bazowego.

Podgląd pełnego artykułu jest możliwy wyłącznie na większych ekranach.

2025

2(82)

Tomasz Broma**

Design strategies for achieving mono-material structures

DOI: 10.37190/arc250211

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

Abstract

Increasing demands for the multi-aspect eciency of buildings lead to the growing complexity of their partitions. This results in the subdivision

of these partitions into increasingly specialized layers and, consequently, in the creation of complex multi-material systems – challenging to execute,

requiring advanced expertise, signicant nancial input and resources, and often marked by higher failure rates and faster degradation. An alterna-

tive lies in mono-material systems – architectural assemblies homogeneous in terms of the material used in construction. Their implementation may

contribute to increased sustainability and technological inclusiveness, as well as foster the development of new aesthetics, aligning with the values

promoted by the New European Bauhaus initiative.

The study aimed to develop design strategies for creating mono-material partitions and, consequently, mono-material structures. The subject of

the study focused on mono-material partitions identied in recently constructed European buildings, selected through a critical literature review. In an

analysis based on case studies, desk research, and document examination, the base material of each partition was determined rst. Then, the internal

partition structures were identied by dening layer numbers, their types and functional roles within the partitions. Methods of using the base material

that led to obtaining mono-materiality were also indicated. Finally, strategies for achieving mono-material structures were identied, systematized,

and described using comparison and synthesis.

The article demonstrates that these strategies are dened through functional operations on partition layers, encompassing three main actions: layer

unication, layer bonding, and layer multiplication. Implementing strategies requires a shift in the approach to material use, either appropriate usage,

strengthening or inducting new properties of this material. Each strategy includes three approaches: one relates to modifying the internal structure of

the base material, the second to shaping the base material and the third to accumulating unmodied base material. These strategies and approaches

are universally applicable, not limited to specic materials.

Key words: mono-material structures, design strategies, layer unication, layer bonding, layer multiplication

Introduction

Increasing demands for building performance are lead-

ing to a growing complexity in building partitions. As

a result, their internal composition becomes a system of

successive, highly specialized layers (Moe 2014, 254).

This process leads to developing complex and costly con-

struction technologies that consume more resources and

require advanced expertise (Binder, Riegler-Floors 2019,

102). Consequently, the risk of failure and the rate of deg-

radation of the entire building increase (Brand 1995, 13).

As an alternative to these technologies, the article dis-

cusses mono-material systems – structures in which all

building partitions and their layers are made from a com-

mon base material (Binder, Riegler-Floors 2019, 102),

leading to a simplication and unication of their internal

composition. This approach enables easier renovation and

reuse of the entire building. Moreover, the reduced number

of building elements allows for simpler disassembly and

reuse of individual components. In the case of demolition,

the recovered material is relatively homogeneous, which

facilitates its reuse or disposal (Addis 2006, 13). The low-

er complexity of mono-material systems also reduces con-

struction costs and simplies the building process. This, in

turn, may contribute to increased technological inclusive-

ness. Mono-material systems are therefore more accessible

to less-qualied builders and lower-income users, while

also promoting sustainability through a closed material

cycle. These two features also give rise to a new archi-

tectural aesthetic. Altogether, they align with the values

* ORCID: 0000-0002-0413-8192. Faculty of Architecture, Wro-

cław University of Science and Technology, Poland, e-mail: tomasz.

broma@pwr.edu.pl

114 Tomasz Broma

promoted by the New European Bauhaus (NEB) initiative,

which addresses, among other issues, the role of materials

in achieving its stated objectives (European Commission

2022, 8).

The assumption that building partitions originate from

a single base material requires that this material exhibit

structural, insulating, protective, and aesthetic properties.

This necessitates exploring appropriate methods of using,

enhancing, and modifying material properties, as well as

inducing entirely new ones. Paola Antonelli described this

process as the transmutation of materials – adapting a ma-

terial to exhibit atypical, often mutually exclusive charac-

teristics (Antonelli 1995, 15).

Based on the above, the research problem was formulat-

ed around two key questions:

1. Are there identiable patterns of working with mate-

rials (strategies) within building partitions, the application

of which may lead to the development of mono-material

systems?

2. Are these patterns (strategies) directly related to spe-

cic materials, or are they independent and thus universal-

ly applicable to various materials?

The scope of the study covered building partitions with

mono-material characteristics, identied in contemporary

buildings constructed after the year 2000 across Europe.

The objective was to analyze the internal composition of

mono-material partitions and, based on this analysis, to

develop patterns that enabled their realization. It was as-

sumed that the study would conrm the hypothesis that it

is possible to formulate strategies which, through appro-

priate approaches to the use of any given material, would

allow for the creation of such partitions and, consequently,

entire mono-material systems.

The article presents the analysis and results of the study,

which led to the identication and systematization of these

strategies. The analysis also conrmed their universal na-

ture and the potential for application regardless of the type

of base material.

State of research

In the available body of literature, most works focus

on the potential of specic materials for the implementa-

tion of mono-material systems. Through the comparison

of structural, thermal, diusion, and acoustic properties

of selected materials, Markus Binder and Petra Riegler-

Floors developed system diagrams indicating the degree

to which these can be realized in a mono-material manner.

In their work Mono-Material Construction, they discussed

monolithic single-layer systems and layered mono-mate-

rial assemblies (Binder, Riegler-Floors 2019). In turn, Till

Boettger and Ulrike Knauer equated mono-material sys-

tems with monolithic, single-layer partitions. They iden-

tied their low level of complexity as oering potential

for reducing a building’s environmental impact. They also

emphasized their aesthetic value, referencing the mod-

ernist idea of “material honesty”. These authors classied

buildings with mono-material system characteristics ac-

cording to the materials used in their construction (Boett-

ger, Knauer 2023). A similar classication was adopted

by Elina Koivisto, who, however, linked mono-material

systems to the context of traditional building practices.

Koivisto observed that promising new material solutions,

introduced without adequate research, often degrade in-

door conditions. As an alternative, she proposed traditional

single-layer mono-material technologies (Koivisto 2021).

Furthermore, the literature includes studies focused

on specic technologies with a mono-material character,

such as the use of digital fabrication for shaping timber

partitions (Bucklin et al. 2021), gradient modication of

concrete properties within a partition (Torelli, Giménez

Fernández and Lees 2020), rammed raw earth

construc-

tion (Kapnger, Sauer 2015), the application of myceli-

um-based materials

as building components (Bitting et al.

2022), or the use of traditional log construction techniques

(Lakkala, Luusua and Pihlajaniemi 2020).

A literature review reveals that it predominantly con-

sists of isolated investigations into individual materials

and technologies. The few cross-sectional publications

aggregate examples of mono-material systems, organizing

them by material type and comparing partition parame-

ters. However, there is a noticeable absence of a system-

ic approach that would characterize universal patterns of

working and general strategies applicable to mono-mate-

rial systems. This gap in the current body of knowledge

constitutes the primary rationale for this article and serves

as the starting point for the research undertaken.

Analysis of selected mono-material systems

– research description

Step 1. Selection of mono-material building objects

Fourteen building objects were selected for the study,

each either entirely or partially constructed using tech-

nologies exhibiting mono-material characteristics. This

group was supplemented by an additional technology of

functionally graded concrete, currently in an experimental

phase (Table 1, no. 1.3). This exception was made due to

the unique internal structure of the hypothetical partition

– its omission could have aected the study’s outcome.

Furthermore, the selection was guided by the criterion of

recency – the year 2000 was adopted as the lower time

boundary for implementation. A territorial criterion was

also applied, limiting the selection to buildings construct-

ed in Europe (in reference to the thematic connection with

the NEB programme). One exception was made (Table 1,

no. 6.1) – a prototype building made of mycelium bricks.

Similar, smaller-scale structures have been built in Europe

(Bitting et al. 2022, 13, 14), but it was deemed appropri-

The term “raw earth” refers to the use of unred earth for con-

struction (Kelm 1996, 5) that is, a suitable mixture of mineral-origin par-

ticles of varying grain sizes extracted directly from the ground (Kelm,

Długosz-Nowicka 2011, 66). Raw earth can be processed using various

techniques, such as ramming, casting of liquid mixtures, or pressing

(Kelm 1996, 20).

Mycelium is the vegetative part of fungi, consisting of a dense

network of hyphae capable of binding organic substrates and transform-

ing them into composite materials with potentially broad applications,

including in the construction industry (Bitting et al. 2022).

Design strategies for achieving mono-material structures 115

– B C D E F

Base

material

no.

Analyzed building structure

author(s) location; completion date

Technology

Partition

thickness

[mm]

Number

layers

Layers from the outside – thickness [mm]

(layer functions: a – aesthetic, p – protective,

i – insulating, s – structural)

Concrete

1.1

Single-family house

design: Patrick Gartmann

Chur, Germany; 2003

monolithic

concrete

450 1 1. Insulating concrete– 450 (a / p / i / s)

1.2

Single-family house

design: Adamiczka.Broma

Wrocław, Poland; 2004

aerated

concrete

395 3

1. Lime plaster – 15 (a / p)

2. Aerated concrete block – 365 (s / i)

3. Cement–lime plaster – 15 (p / a )

1.3

not applicable

(experimental technology)

functionally

graded

concrete

– 1 1. Gradient concrete – (–) (a / p / i / s)

Ceramics

2.1

2226 Office Building

design: Baumschlager Eberle

Lustenau, Austria; 2013

porous

ceramic

blocks

760 4

1. Cement–lime plaster and lime skim coat – 20 (e / p)

2. Insulating block – 365 (i / s) (vertical joint – 20)

3. Structural block – 365 (i / s)

4. Cement–lime plaster and lime skim coat – 20 (e / p)

2.2

Helsingin Muurarimestari

Apartment Building

design: AVARRUS

Helsinki, Finland; 2024

solid brick 720 4

1. Hollow solid brick – 135 (a / p)

(vertical joint – 45)

2. Hollow solid brick (3 layers) – 585 (a / p / i / s)

Timber

3.1

Bürohaus Küng Office Building

design: Seiler Linhart

Alpnach, Switzerland; 2024

cross-

laminated

timber (CLT)

420 14 (2×7)

1. 7-layer CLT panel – 210 (a / p / i / s)

2. 7-layer CLT panel – 210 (a / p / i / s)

3.2

School Campus

design: Lukkaroinen

Pudasjärvi, Finland; 2016

log

construction

timber

275 1 1. Timber log – 275 (a / p / i / s)

3.3

IBA Timber Prototype House

design: ICD University of Stuttgart

Stuttgart, Germany; 2019

milled solid

timber

445 3

1. Timber boards 20 (a / p) (ventilation gap – 45)

2. Waterproof membrane (p)

3. Timber profile with a variable cross-section

– 400 (a / p / i / s)

3.4

Private Recreation Building

design: Adamiczka.Broma

Jeziorna, Poland; 2023

timber

frame

350 6

1. Timber boards – 20 (a / p)

(ventilation gap / battens and counter-battens – 90)

2. Tongue-and-groove wood wool board – 60 (i)

3. Timber studs and wood fiber insulation – 160 (i / s)

4. OSB-3 board – 15 (p)

5. Timber boards – 15 (a)

Stone

4.1

1413 Single-Family House

design: HARQUITECTES

Ullastret, Spain; 2017

jointed

stone

650 1

1. Stone blocks bonded with glass-exposed mortar

– 650 (a / p / i / s)

Raw earth

5.1

Rauch House

design: Roger Boltshauser and

Martin Rauch

Schlins, Austria; 2008

rammed

earth

590 3

1. Raw earth – 450 (a / p / i / s)

2. Reed mat – 100 (i)

3. Clay base coat and plaster – 40 (a / p)

5.2

Le Cap Business Incubator

design: Hors les Murs and Reach

& Scharff

Saint-Clair-de-Tour, France; 2018

poured

earth

520 3

1. Poured earth – 300 (a / p / i / s)

2. Wood wool – 200 (i)

3. Clay plaster – 20 (a / p)

5.3

Casa de Tapia

design: Edra arquitectura km0

Ayerbe, Spain; 2014

light clay 450 3

1. Lime plaster – unevenness filler (a / p)

2. Light clay – 450 (a / p / i / s)

3. Lime plaster – unevenness filler (a / p)

Alternative materials

6.1

Hy-Fi Pavilion (prototype)

design: The Living

New York, USA; 2014

mycelium

bricks

225 1 1. Mycelium brick – 225 (a / p / i / s)

6.2

Cork House

design: Dido Milne, Matthew B.

Howland, Oliver Wilton

Berkshire, United Kingdom; 2019

cork blocks 500 1 1. Cork block – 500 (a / p / i / s)

Table 1. Analysis of selected mono-material partitions: step 1 and step 2 (elabrorated by T. Broma based on: Schittich 2005;

Binder, Riegler-Floors 2019; Torelli, Giménez Fernández and Lees 2020;

Hugentobler

et al.

2016; Avarrus Arkkitehdit 2024; Stieglmeier 2021;

Lakkala, Luusua and Pihlajaniemi 2020; Bucklin et al. 2021; Boettger, Knauer 2023; Kapfinger, Sauer 2015; Bitting et al. 2022)

Tabela 1. Analiza wybranych przegród monomateriałowych: krok 1, krok 2 (oprac. T. Broma na podstawie: Schittich 2005;

Binder, Riegler-Floors 2019; Torelli, Giménez Fernández i Lees 2020;

Hugentobler

et al. 2016; Avarrus Arkkitehdit 2024; Stieglmeier 2021;

Lakkala, Luusua i Pihlajaniemi 2020; Bucklin et al. 2021; Boettger, Knauer 2023; Kapfinger, Sauer 2015; Bitting et al. 2022)

116 Tomasz Broma

ate to include this alternative material in the analysis due

to its potential for realising full-scale structures. The nal

selection criterion was material diversity, which allows

verication of the hypothesis that the strategies leading to

mono-material systems are not tied to any specic materi-

al. The selected buildings are listed in Table 1, col. B.

Prior to conducting the core analysis, it was assumed

that the study would focus on segments of mono-material

structural systems – specically, external vertical building

partitions. This simplication served to standardize the

elements being compared, enabling direct juxtaposition.

Notably, the research aims to abstract recurring patterns in

achieving mono-material systems rather than to prove the

feasibility of constructing such systems using a particular

material. Consequently, excluding other types of partitions

does not aect the outcome of the analysis.

Step 2. Characteristics of the selected

mono-material partitions

The selected group of partitions exhibiting mono-ma-

terial characteristics was analysed using case study meth-

odology, desk research, and document analysis. The study

was based on architectural documentation, authors’ de-

scriptions, and publications concerning the selected build-

ings. The collected information was presented in a stan-

dardized format in Table 1. The partitions were categorized

by base material

, distinguishing concrete, ceramics, wood,

stone, raw earth, and a group of alternative materials (Ta-

ble 1, col. A).

Subsequently, the technologies used to con-

struct the individual mono-material partitions were identi-

ed (Table 1, col. C). The table also includes data on the

thickness of the partitions, the number and types of layers

they consist of, and the thickness of each layer (Table 1,

cols. D, E, and F).

Step 3. Functional analysis of the selected

mono-material partitions

The collected data regarding the layers of the building

partitions were examined from a functional perspective.

The following division of layer functions was adopted:

1) structural (s) – the ability to bear and transfer loads

(Pyrak, Włodarczyk and Woliński 2008, 173),

2) insulating (i) – regulating the conditions on one side

of the partition by reducing the impact of those present on

the other side (Moe 2014, 13),

3) protective (p) – shielding the partition from degrad-

ing chemical, physical, and biological factors (Ściślewski

2018, 830, 831),

4) aesthetic (a) – the perception of the partition by users

(Böhme 2017, 59–62).

The term base material should be understood as encompassing

both: (1) a raw material, that is, an unprocessed substance obtained

through agriculture, forestry, mining, or waste processing industries and

transformed into goods through manufacturing processes (Black, Kosher

2011, 10) (e.g., wood); and (2) a starting material, meaning a substance

already processed from a raw material and prepared for further transfor-

mation (e.g., ceramics, concrete).

Each layer was assigned one to four of the listed func-

tions, depending on its role within the partition. Diagrams

were also developed to visually represent the distribution

of these functions across the layers, as shown in Figure 1.

This functional approach to mono-material partitions aimed

to uncover relationships between functions – revealing

their overlaps, partial intersections, duplications, or com-

plete separations. The standardized diagrams further en-

abled comparative analysis between the partitions and the

identication of patterns that lead to the formation of mo-

no-material systems.

Step 4. Identification of strategies

and approaches in the pursuit

of mono-materiality in selected partitions

Using synthesis and comparison, the functional opera-

tions performed on the layers of each partition that led to

the realization of mono-material partitions were identied

(Table 2, col. G). These operations were then linked to spe-

cic actions that modied the base material’s properties

(Table 2, col. H). The actions were classied into three ap-

proaches: modifying the internal conguration of the base

material, shaping the base material, and accumulating the

base material. Subsequently, through synthesis, these data

were used to derive, systematize, and describe the strate-

gies aimed at achieving mono-material building systems.

Results

The results of the analysis are presented in Table 3,

which provides a complete summary of the strategies

aimed at achieving mono-material systems and the meth-

ods of implementing these strategies. The table also out-

lines the objectives of each strategy and the means of their

realization. The strategies were derived based on opera-

tions performed on the layers, which lead to a redistribu-

tion of functions within the building partition. The follow-

ing three strategies were identied:

I. Unication of layers.

II. Merging of layers.

III. Multiplication of layers.

The strategies are implemented through a shift in the

approach to the base material, allowing for the use of its

original properties, as well as their enhancement or the in-

duction of new ones. These approaches are not determined

by the strategies – they function independently. Three such

approaches can be distinguished:

1. Modifying the internal conguration of the base ma-

terial as a result of changes in its extraction or processing

methods, or through the use of additives.

2. Shaping the base material appropriately within the

components of individual layers or entire layers.

3. Accumulating the unmodied base material as

a means of increasing the thickness of the layers.

It was also observed that analogous strategies and ap-

proaches to their implementation were applied to dierent

materials. Therefore, it can be concluded that the base ma-

terial does not directly determine both the strategies and the

approaches – they possess a universal character in the con-

Design strategies for achieving mono-material structures 117

text of the mono-material system concept. Moreover, as con-

rmed in the analysed partitions, in pursuing a mono-ma-

terial system, the strategies and approaches may be applied

individually and singularly, or repeatedly and in combina-

tion. The following sections describe each strategy in great-

er detail, along with the three accompanying approaches.

For each, an example of a relevant partition is provided.

I. The unification

of layers strategy

The layer unication strategy entails the homogeniza-

tion of layers, ultimately aiming to reduce the total number

of layers within the partition. The nal objective of imple-

menting this strategy is to achieve a partition composed of

Fig. 1. Analysis of selected

mono-material partitions:

step 3 – horizontal sections of

analysed mono-material

partitions and their

functional diagrams

(elaborated by T. Broma based

on: Schittich 2005; Binder,

Riegler-Floors 2019; Torelli,

Giménez Fernández and Lees

2020; Hugentobler et al. 2016;

Arkkitehdit 2024; Stieglmeier

2021; Lakkala, Luusua and

Pihlajaniemi 2020;

Bucklin et al. 2021; Boettger,

Knauer 2023; Kapfinger,

Sauer 2015; Bitting et al. 2022)

Il. 1. Analiza wybranych

przegród monomateriałowych:

krok 3 – przekroje poziome

analizowanych przegród

monomateriałowych i ich

diagramy funkcjonalne

(oprac. T. Broma na podstawie:

Schittich 2005; Binder,

Riegler-Floors 2019; Torelli,

Giménez Fernández i Lees 2020;

Hugentobler et al. 2016;

Arkkitehdit 2024; Stieglmeier

2021; Lakkala, Luusua

i Pihlajaniemi 2020; Bucklin

et al. 2021; Boettger, Knauer

2023; Kapfinger, Sauer 2015;

Bitting et al. 2022)

118 Tomasz Broma

G H

No. Applied strategy Approach to implementing the strategy

1.1

(I) Unication of Layers:

structural, insulating, protective, and aesthetic

functions fullled by a single homogeneous layer

Approach 1

Modifying the internal conguration of the base material within the layer:

use of an additive in the base material (expanded clay and expanded glass)

1.2

(I) Unication of Layers:

structural and insulating functions fullled

by a single homogeneous layer

Approach 1

Modifying the internal conguration of the base material within the layer:

adding porosity to the base material (foaming agent)

1.3

(II) Merging of Layers:

structural, insulating, protective, and aesthetic

functions fullled by inseparable segments

of a single heterogeneous layer

Approach 1

Local modication of the internal conguration of the base material within the layer:

creating a gradient internal conguration of the base material

2.1

(I) Unication of Layers and (III) Multiplication

of Layers:

structural and insulating functions jointly fullled

by two heterogeneous layers

Approach 1

Modifying the internal conguration of the base material within the layer:

altering the internal structure of the base material (adding porosity)

Approach 2

Shaping the base material within the layer:

introducing air voids into the form of the base material

Approach 2

Variable shaping of the base material for dierent layers:

use of two dierently formed layers made from the base material

2.2

(III) Multiplication of Layers:

structural, insulating, protective, and aesthetic

functions fullled by two homogeneous layers

Approach 3

Accumulating the base material by duplicating repeatable layers:

use of four layers made from the base material

3.1

(II) Merging of Layers and (III) Multiplication

of Layers:

structural, insulating, protective, and aesthetic

functions fullled by fourteen homogeneous

layers

Approach 3

Accumulating the base material by duplicating repeatable zones within the layer:

use of layers made from cross-laminated base material

Approach 2

Accumulating the base material by duplicating repeatable layers:

duplication of two layers made from the base material

3.2

(I) Unication of Layers:

structural, insulating, protective, and aesthetic

functions fullled by a single homogeneous layer

Approach 3

Accumulating the base material within the layer (increased thickness):

applying increased thickness of the base material

3.3

(II) Merging of Layers:

structural, insulating, and aesthetic functions

fullled by distinguishable segments

of a single heterogeneous layer

Approach 2

Local variable shaping of the base material within the layer:

introducing zones with dierent shapes into the base material

3.4

(III) Multiplication of Layers:

structural, insulating, protective, and aesthetic

functions fullled by separate layers

Approach 2

Modifying the internal conguration of the base material dierently for each layer:

use of dierently processed base material to perform specialized functions within

individual layers

4.1

(I) Unication of Layers:

structural, insulating, protective, and aesthetic

functions fullled by a single heterogeneous layer

Approach 3

Accumulating the base material within the layer (increased thickness):

applying increased thickness of the base material bonded with mortar containing

expanded glass

5.1

(I) Unication of Layers:

structural, insulating, protective, and aesthetic

functions fullled by a single homogeneous layer

Approach 3

Accumulating the base material within the layer (increased thickness):

applying increased thickness of the base material

5.2

(I) Unication of Layers:

structural, insulating, protective, and aesthetic

functions fullled by a single homogeneous layer

Approach 3

Accumulating the base material within the layer (increased thickness):

applying increased thickness of the base material

5.3

(I) Unication of Layers:

structural, insulating, protective, and aesthetic

functions fullled by a single homogeneous layer

Approach 1

Modifying the internal conguration of the base material within the layer:

use of an additive in the base material (straw)

6.1

(I) Unication of Layers:

structural, insulating, protective, and aesthetic

functions fullled by a single homogeneous layer

Approach 1

Modifying the internal conguration of the base material within the layer:

use of a specic harvesting process of the base material (form-lling through growth

to desired density)

6.2

(I) Unication of Layers:

structural, insulating, protective, and aesthetic

functions fullled by a single homogeneous layer

Approach 1

Modifying the internal conguration of the base material within the layer:

use of a specic processing method for the base material (expansion)

Table 2. Analysis of selected mono-material partitions: step 4 (elaborated by T. Broma)

Tabela 2. Analiza wybranych przegród monomateriałowych: krok 4 (oprac. T. Broma)

Design strategies for achieving mono-material structures 119

Table 3. Design strategies and approaches for achieving mono-material structures (elaborated by T. Broma)

Tabela 3. Strategie i sposoby podejścia w dążeniu do osiągnięcia monomateriałowych ustrojów (oprac. T. Broma)

1. Approach to implementing

the strategy modifying

the internal conguration

of the base material

2. Approach to implementing

the strategy shaping

the base material

3. Approach to implementing

the strategy accumulating

the unmodied base material

(I) Unication of Layers Strategy

unifying the structure

of the mono-material partition

by reducing the number of layers

strategy objective:

a single multifunctional

mono-material layer

with a homogeneous structure,

simultaneously fullling all partition

functions

method of achieving

the objective in approach 1:

modifying the internal

conguration of the base material

within the layer

method of achieving

the objective in approach 2:

shaping the base material

within the layer

method of achieving

the objective in approach 3:

accumulating the base material

within the layer

(increasing thickness)

(II) Merging of Layers Strategy

dierentiating distinguishable

but inseparable zones within

the mono-material partition through

the permanent merging of layers

strategy objective:

a single multifunctional

mono-material layer with

specialized zones, collectively

fullling all partition functions

method of achieving

the objective in approach 1:

locally modifying the internal

conguration of the base material

within the layer

method of achieving

the objective in approach 2:

locally varying the shaping

of the base material

within the layer

method of achieving

the objective in approach 3:

accumulating the base material

by replicating repetitive zones

within the layer

(III) Multiplication of Layers Strategy

applying a sequence of separable

layers that together form

a mono-material partition

strategy objective:

a mono-material sequence

of single- or multifunctional layers,

collectively fullling all partition

functions

method of achieving

the objective in approach 1:

modifying the internal

conguration of the base material

dierently for individual layers

method of achieving

the objective in approach 2:

dierentiated shaping

of the base material

for individual layers

method of achieving

the objective in approach 3:

accumulating the base material

by replicating

repetitive layers

a single layer that fullls all required functions. A dening

feature of such a layer is its homogeneous internal structure

– its entire cross-section is uniform, with no distinguish-

able zones. As previously stated, this strategy may be im-

plemented through one of three approaches:

1. Modication of the internal conguration of the

base material in the context of unication occurs uni-

formly within a single layer, allowing it to perform all the

necessary functions of the partition. Modern building ma-

terials are often complex, multi-component systems (Ste-

fańczyk, Lipczyńska 2005, 12). Therefore, an example of

this approach involves altering the proportion of materi-

al components, substituting them with other substances,

or incorporating additives that permanently change their

properties. A representative example is the house in Chur

(Switzerland) by Patrick Gartmann (Table 1, no. 1.1).

There, a reduction in the number of layers was achieved

by modifying the concrete mix – gravel was replaced with

expanded clay, and sand with expanded glass. This en-

abled a monolithic, single-layer concrete shell to fulll all

120 Tomasz Broma

partition functions without additional insulation

(Schit-

tich 2005, 146–151).

2. An example of the second approach – shaping the base

material within a layer to expand its functional properties

– can be found in ceramic blocks

. These blocks are

formed as a series of thin-walled surfaces enclosing cham-

bers lled with air voids (Małasiewicz 2005, 181–183).

This design signicantly improves thermal insulation, and

together with the material’s inherent properties, enables

the unication of structural and insulating functions within

a single layer (Table 1, no. 2.1).

3. In the context of unication, accumulating the base

material within a single layer increases its thickness. In this

way, the material’s original properties – enhanced through

the expanded cross-section – become sucient to fulll

all required functions. The school campus in Pudasjärvi

(Finland), completed in 2016 by Lukkaroinen Architects,

exemplies this approach (Table 1, no. 3.2).

Traditional

log construction was used, with a single wooden layer

of appropriate thickness fullling structural, insulating,

and aesthetic roles (Lakkala, Luusua and Pihlajaniemi

2020).

II. The merging

of layers strategy

The merging of layers involves the creation of distin-

guishable but inseparable zones within a mono-material

partition, resulting from the permanent joining of layers.

Ultimately, this strategy leads to a single mono-material

multifunctional layer composed of specialized zones that

collectively fulll all required functions. In contrast to the

unication strategy, the resulting layer is characterized by

a heterogeneous internal structure. The merging strategy

can be implemented in three ways:

1. The rst involves locally modifying the internal con-

guration of the base material within the layer. An exam-

ple is a gradient-based layer (Table 1, no. 1.3), in which

zones with varying material properties full dierent

functions. This variability occurs continuously across the

cross-section – no clearly homogeneous segments exist.

An experimental technology that allows for such internal

composition is functionally graded concrete. The variation

in properties is achieved by dynamically adjusting mixture

proportions during spraying with nozzles or by layered ap-

plication with printheads. Alternatively, a gradient prole

can be obtained through controlled segregation of compo-

nents under gravity or centrifugal force

(Torelli, Giménez

Fernández and Lees 2020, 10, 11).

2. The second method involves locally dierentiated

shaping of the base material within the layer. This ap-

An exception is the roof, which is covered with a permanently

exible cementitious mortar.

Porous ceramic blocks are also an example of the rst approach.

During ring, combustible additives mixed with the clay oxidize, leav-

ing behind pores. The altered internal structure of the base material im-

proves its thermal performance.

This technology is currently being developed as an attempt to im-

prove the strength and performance of concrete elements; however, it also

holds signicant potential for achieving mono-material structural systems.

proach was applied in constructing the IBA Timber Pro-

totype House (Table 1, no. 3.3), developed by ICD at the

University of Stuttgart. The partitions of the pavilion were

made from solid, notched spruce beams joined with wood-

en dowels and interlocks. The horizontal cross-section of

the beams is divided into three functional zones: a dense-

ly notched insulating zone, an uncut structural zone, and

a closing/sealing zone with assembly notches

(Bucklin

et al. 2021, 7, 8). This system incorporates inseparable yet

clearly distinguishable and functionally specialized zones

within a single layer.

3. The third approach involves the accumulation of base

material through the repetition of inseparable zones with

specialized functions. This approach is exemplied by

cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels used, for instance, in

the construction of the oce building in Alpnach, Swit-

zerland, designed by Seiler Linhart Architekten (Table 1,

no. 3.1). The visible outer layers of the panels were made

from high-quality timber serving an aesthetic function.

In contrast, inner layers were composed of waste wood

whose irregularities created thin internal air pockets, en-

hancing the thermal insulation of the partition. At the same

time, all layers collectively perform the structural function

(Stieglmeier 2021, 34–38).

III. The multiplication

of layers strategy

The layer multiplication strategy involves using a se-

quence of separable layers that together form a mono-ma-

terial partition. These layers can be individually distin-

guished, and each may serve a specialized function or be

multifunctional. The goal is to achieve mono-materiality

by ensuring all layers originate from the same base mate-

rial. This strategy can be implemented through three ap-

proaches:

1. The rst approach involves modifying the internal

conguration of the base material dierently for each lay-

er. This allows them to serve specialized functions within

the partition. An example is the technology of prefabricated

timber frame panels used in the summer house in Jeziorna,

no. 3.4). Its structure comprises a wooden frame reinforced

internally with OSB-3 boards that also function as a va-

pour barrier. Wood bre insulation was placed between the

frame elements, while external wood wool panels reduce

thermal bridging and ensure windproong. The assembly is

covered with boards mounted on a wooden batten system.

2. The second approach relies on shaping the base ma-

terial dierently across layers. This was applied in the con-

struction of the 2226 oce building in Lustenau (Austria)

by Baumschlager Eberle Architekten (Table 1, no. 2.1).

The external walls consist of two layers of perforated ce-

ramic blocks, each with distinct shaping. The outer layer

is formed to enhance thermal insulation at the expense of

structural capacity, while the inner layer comprises blocks

The structure was additionally complemented with external mem -

branes providing waterproong.

Design strategies for achieving mono-material structures 121

with increased load-bearing capacity. These two dier-

ently shaped layers from the same base material result in

a mono-material partition with low thermal transmittance,

high thermal mass, and appropriate strength parameters

(Hugentobler et al. 2016). This partition also exemplies

the simultaneous use of two dierent strategies (unica-

tion and multiplication) and three distinct approaches,

demonstrating that their combined application is possible

and that achieving a mono-material partition may require

complex combinations of strategies and approaches.

3. The third approach involves the accumulation of the

base material through the repetition of separable layers. An

example is the previously discussed oce building in Alp-

nach (Table 1, no. 3.1). To achieve complete mono-materi-

ality, the previously described CLT wood panels were du-

plicated and joined with wooden dowels. The repetition of

separable layers made from the base material enabled the

fullment of all functions, thus resulting in a mono-mate-

rial partition.

Conclusions

Based on the conducted analysis and its ndings, the

following conclusions were drawn:

1. It is possible to identify strategies whose implemen-

tation enables the discovery of the potential of a given base

material for the realization of mono-material structural

systems. These strategies refer to the operations of unica-

tion, merging, and multiplication performed – functionally

– on the layers of a partition.

2. Implementing these strategies involves a shift in the

approach to the base material, resulting in the use of its

original properties, as well as their enhancement or the in-

duction of new ones. Within each strategy, three approaches

were distinguished: the rst involves modifying the inter-

nal conguration of the base material; the second involves

shaping the base material; and the third – accumulating the

unchanged base material.

3. The strategies and corresponding approaches are uni -

versal and do not directly depend on specic materials. The

recurrence of similar strategies and approaches in relation

to various base materials conrms this.

4. To achieve mono-material partitions and, consequent-

ly, complete mono-material structural systems, the strate-

gies and approaches may be applied individually and once,

but also repeatedly and in combination.

The construction of the external partitions, combined with grav-

ity ventilation, enables the maintenance of interior temperatures within

the range of 22–26°C without the use of heating, air conditioning, or

mechanical ventilation. This is also the origin of the building’s name.

Summary

This article presents a new perspective on the topic of

mono-material structural systems. Based on case analysis,

it identies three universal strategies that potentially lead to

the realization of mono-material systems: the unication of

partition layers, the merging of layers, and the multiplica-

tion of layers. The eectiveness of these strategies depends

on the appropriate use, enhancement, or induction of new

properties in the base material, which may result from mod-

ifying its internal conguration, shaping it, or accumulating

it in an unchanged form. These strategies are universal (in-

dependent of the material or partition type), oering a com-

prehensive and structured framework previously lacking in

the literature. They simultaneously constitute a typology of

mono-material partition technologies based on operations

performed on layers. Moreover, the strategies and related

approaches serve as tools for exploring the potential of re-

alizing mono-material systems with a given base material.

They can, therefore, be applied in the design process, add-

ing practical value.

At the same time, a practical limitation in implement-

ing the strategies was observed. Not all analyzed partitions

– or the structural systems they belong to – were entirely

mono-material. This suggests that achieving complete mo-

no-materiality may be either unfeasible or unjustied due

to cost or technological challenges. Notably, mono-mate-

rial partitions pose specic challenges in harsher climatic

zones, where temperature uctuations, humidity variation,

and overall environmental exposure make it dicult for

a single layer to perform all necessary functions (especially

within the unication strategy)

Nevertheless, the inability to achieve full mono-materi-

ality does not undermine the value of striving towards the

highest possible degree of it. This underscores the need for

further research to rene the denition of mono-material

structural systems, including a clear indication of the mini-

mum level and scope of base material usage. Future studies

should also establish conditions under which supplemen-

tary materials may be used, as well as guidelines on their

types. Addressing these research goals will improve the

feasibility of mono-material structural systems and support

the practical application of the proposed strategies.

The implementation of mono-material structural systems in harsh-

er climatic zones is not, however, impossible. This is evidenced by the

deliberately selected examples from regions with such conditions. Most

of them originate from Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Finland, the Unit-

ed Kingdom, and Poland.

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Streszczenie

Strategie projektowe służące osiągnięciu monomateriałowych ustrojów

Rosnące wymagania wobec wieloaspektowej efektywności budynków skutkują wzrostem poziomu skomplikowania ich przegród. Prowadzi to do

rozszczepiania się tych przegród na kolejne wyspecjalizowane warstwy, a w konsekwencji do powstawania złożonych ustrojów wielomateriałowych

– skomplikowanych wykonawczo, wymagających zaawansowanej wiedzy oraz dużych nakładów nansowych i zasobów, ale także cechujących się

wzrostem poziomu awaryjności i szybszą degradacją. Alternatywą są ustroje monomateriałowe – heterogeniczne pod względem materiału wykorzy-

stanego do wzniesienia budynku. Ich stosowanie może przyczynić się do wzrostu poziomu zrównoważenia i inkluzywności technologicznej, a także

do wypracowania nowej estetyki, co wpisuje się w wartości promowane w projekcie Nowego Europejskiego Bauhausu.

Celem autora było wyprowadzenie strategii projektowych, których zastosowanie pozwala osiągnąć przegrody, a w rezultacie także ustroje mo-

nomateriałowe. Badaniem objęto przegrody o cechach monomateriałowych, które zidentykowano we współcześnie zrealizowanych budynkach na

obszarze Europy. Ich wyboru dokonano na podstawie przeglądu literatury przedmiotu. Następnie w analizie opartej na studium przypadku, desk rese-

arch i badaniu dokumentów określono zastosowane materiały bazowe i zidentykowano wewnętrzną budowę przegród poprzez wyznaczenie liczby

warstw i wskazanie pełnionych przez warstwy funkcji. Wskazano także sposoby wykorzystania materiału bazowego, które doprowadziły do uzyskania

przegród o cechach monomateriałowych. Następnie przez porównanie i syntezę, zidentykowano, usystematyzowano i opisano strategie w dążeniu do

osiągnięcia ustrojów o charakterze monomateriałowym.

W artykule wykazano, że strategie te deniowane są poprzez operacje dokonywane w ujęciu funkcjonalnym na warstwach przegrody. Obejmują

one trzy typy działań: unikację warstw, spajanie warstw i zwielokrotnianie warstw. Wiąże się to bezpośrednio ze zmianą sposobu podejścia do ma-

teriału, czego efektem jest odpowiednie jego wykorzystanie, wzmocnienie lub wzbudzenie nowych właściwości tego materiału. W ramach każdej ze

strategii wyróżniono trzy takie sposoby podejścia. Pierwszy związany jest z modykowaniem wewnętrznej konguracji materiału bazowego, drugi

– z kształtowaniem materiału bazowego, a trzeci – z nagromadzeniem niezmienionego materiału bazowego.

Słowa kluczowe: ustroje monomateriałowe, strategie projektowe, unikacja warstw, spajanie warstw, zwielokrotnianie warstw