Wykorzystanie metod cyfrowych w dokumentacji zabytkowej architektury drewnianej na przykładzie inwentaryzacji kościołów na pograniczu śląsko-małopolskim

Klara Kantorowicz

doi:10.37190/arc230404

Streszczenie

Zabytkowe obiekty architektury drewnianej jako dziedzictwo szczególnie narażone na zniszczenia wymagają szczegółowej dokumentacji architektonicznej. Inwentaryzacje pomiarowo-rysunkowe kościołów drewnianych na terenie Polski wykonywane były od końca XIX w. Cyfrowe metody dokumentacji zabytków, stając się coraz popularniejsze i szerzej dostępne, zastępują pomiary wykonywane metodami tradycyjnymi, również w zabytkowych obiektach drewnianych. Na przykładzie inwentaryzacji pięciu zabytkowych kościołów drewnianych z pogranicza śląsko-małopolskiego, wykonanych w 2022 r. za pomocą skanowania laserowego i fotogrametrii cyfrowej, przeprowadzona została analiza porównawcza z dokumentacją historyczną w celu uwypuklenia korzyści, ale jednocześnie możliwych braków czy błędów wynikających z zastosowania nowoczesnych technik pomiarowych w dokumentacji obiektów drewnianych. Niewątpliwie wykorzystanie metod cyfrowych pozwala na przyspieszenie procesu dokumentacji, a także pozwala na bardzo precyzyjne odwzorowanie geometrii obiektu. Trójwymiarowe dokumentacje stanowią zdecydowanie pełniejsze zobrazowanie obiektu, nie ograniczając się tylko do zadanych rzutów i przekrojów jak w tradycyjnej inwentaryzacji. Ich zaletą są także możliwości wizualizacyjne – wykorzystania pomiarów jako modeli do analiz przestrzennych czy też w celach czysto popularyzatorskich. Wyzwanie wciąż stanowi złożona struktura konstrukcyjno-budowlana obiektów drewnianych, która powinna zostać odzwierciedlona na inwentaryzacji architektonicznej. Dlatego też inwentaryzator zobowiązany jest do wnikliwego rozpoznania struktury obiektu – szczególnie w miejscach, które pozostają niedostępne dla skanerów.

Podgląd pełnego artykułu jest możliwy wyłącznie na większych ekranach.

2023

4(76)

Klara Kantorowicz*

Usage of digital surveying techniques

in monuments of wooden architecture.

Example of documentation of churches

on Silesia and Lesser Poland border

Introduction

Digital methods of architectural surveying – laser scan-

ning and close-range digital photogrammetry are becom-

ing more popular and accessible amongst architectural

researchers. This article is aimed at historians and histori-

cal monuments researchers, and it is intended to show the

potential of applying digital measurements methods while

also underlying the possible inaccuracies of using a given

technology.

This article compares architectural surveys of wooden

churches on Silesia and Lesser Poland border based on

data from laser scanning and photogrammetric imaging

(conducted by the National Institute of Cultural Heritage

– NID) with measurement drawings conducted in the

1930s and 1940s, amongst the others for a study entitled

Kata

log zabytków sztuki w Polsce [The catalogue of the

monuments of art in Poland] [1]. The comparison results

in listing both the advantages (including the accuracy of

data, allowing the diagnostics of deformations and dam-

ages to wooden architecture) and the challenges (mostly

concerning the correct interpretation of the data) of us-

ing the digital measurement technologies of architectural

structures.

The ease, speed and accuracy of obtaining spatial data

in the process of terrestrial scanning and digital photo-

grammetry (producing point clouds, orthorectied imag-

ery and 3D models) signicantly sped up the process of

compiling survey documentation. Due to the automati-

sation of the measurement data collection process, with

certain technological restrictions, as well as transitioning

most of the work from the location itself to the oces, be-

ing adequately prepared to conduct the eld work became

essential. The author of the article does not focus on the

technological aspects of laser scanning and digital photo-

grammetry, but mostly tries to dene what is the extent of

the use of digital technologies for the needs of architec-

tural, historical and conservation research – whether the

use of such technologies is necessary, advisable, or insuf-

cient for the correct surveying of wooden churches and

other wooden structures of a similar level of complexity.

Any architectural facilities that are wooden constructions

require particular accuracy of the measurements and the

mapping of the individual elements of their complex ar-

chitectural structure. The indispensability of analytical

presentation of the elements whilst marking the joinery

or visible damages, despite the technological progress,

still poses a challenge. The goal of this text is to diag-

nose problems that can occur whilst conducting a survey

of wooden structures using these digital methods. Com-

parative analysis of the historical survey drawings versus

the imaging acquired via scanning and photogrammetry

allowed us to point at positives and possible errors stem-

ming from applying digital techniques. Comparing the

data collected with scanners with the product of photo-

grammetry shows in which aspects these methods can be

used interchangeably (or in a complementary way) to the

wooden structures surveys.

DOI: 10.37190/arc230404

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

* ORCID: 0000-0002-1500-2098. Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw

University of Technology, Poland, e-mail: klara.kantorowicz@pw.edu.pl

36 Klara Kantorowicz

A group of wooden churches

on the Silesia

and Lesser Poland border

– the subject of the research

The relevant group of the wooden churches

located in

the former Duchy of Oświęcim (Księstwo Oświęcimskie),

in its original form dates back to the 1

half of the 16

century [2], [3]. These churches are not one-phase build-

ings, but were re-designed and expanded many times.

This is visible in their structure and it is also conrmed by

dendrochronological research conducted in Cięcina, Gilo-

wice and Stara Wieś [4].

The “blockbau”-built churches, built upon their stone

foundations, represent dierent types of modelling of the

architectural shape. The church in Gilowice and the orig-

inal form of the church in Cięcina represent the so-called

Lesser Poland model, where the construction of the roof

maintains the shared ridge for the entire church with the

unique system known as “zaskrzynienie” (extended beams

of the upper part of the chancel’s side walls which support

the truss upon the nave). The churches in Poręba Wielka

and Stara Wieś belong to the group of Silesian churches and

are covered with separate trusses – a narrower one over the

presbytery and a wider and higher one over the church’s

nave. An intermediate type is represented by a church in

Graboszyce, where the nave construction was realised

with “zaskrzynienie” system, yet the presbytery has a sep-

arate truss construction with the ridge located underneath

the nave roof ridge [5]. The churches have post-and-beam

construction towers, dating back to dierent periods. The

facilities in Gilowice, Poręba Wielka and Stara Wieś are

circumscribed by a porch known as “soboty”. The roofs

are covered with shingle while the outside walls are cov-

ered with the vertical wooden cladding, covered with shin-

gle, or partially the “blockbau” construction is visible. The

interiors of churches in Cięcina, Gilowice, Stara Wieś and

Poręba Wielka are entirely covered in polychromy, while

the interior walls of the Graboszyce church are nished

with raw wooden cladding.

The church group in discussion is diverse in terms of

structure, constructional history, the way of shaping the ar-

chitectural model and its particular elements, as well as the

design of the façade and the interior. Therefore the group

displays a full spectrum of challenges and can be assumed

representative for a discussion of the issues of surveying

wooden churches.

Parish church of St. Catherine of Alexandria in Cięcina (mu-

nicipality Węgierska Górka, Register of monuments no. A-597/89/90),

Parish church of St. Andrew the Apostle in Gilowice (municipality

Gilowice, Reg. no. A/1091/22), Parish church of St. Andrew the Apos-

tle in Graboszyce (municipality Zator – rural area, Reg. no. A-79/M),

Parish church of St. Bartholomew in Poręba Wielka (municipality

Oświęcim, Reg. no. A-364/78) and Parish Church of the Exaltation of the

Holy Cross in Stara Wieś (municipality Wilamowice – rural area, Reg.

no. A/475/2016).

Surveying the wooden sacral buildings

using traditional and digital methods

– the state of research

The history of surveying wooden religious buildings

The interest of the monument experts in wooden archi-

tecture (initially mostly the religious kind), and thus the

start of the surveying thereof, can be dated back to the 1

half of the 19

century [6] when a problem was noted,

i.e. in the process of replacing the wooden churches with

new, brick facilities, the valuable historical structures were

getting destroyed [7]. Hence at the start of the 20

century,

the wooden architecture, and specically the part encom-

passing the religious facilities, became a part of a photo-

graphic and measurement survey, and also an element of

the cataloguing eort of these heritage buildings

[8]–[13].

The damage to the heritage substance – in particular of

the wooden constructions – during World War I [14] re-

sulted in an in-depth study of wooden architecture. Apart

from photographic documentation, it became a wide

prac tice to carry out measurement sketches of wooden

churches (catholic and orthodox), but also residential

buildings and farm plots. Better researched – thanks to

organised survey actions

[15] – wooden architecture re-

source became a subject of numerous catalogue and prob-

lem studies. These studies, apart from the photographs of

the described monuments, also contained the plans of the

churches, and at times even architectural sections. The

subject of this article, churches in Cięcina and Gilowice,

together with their architectural layouts, became a part of

Katolog zabytków sztuki w Polsce for Żywiec County [1]

– developed in the 1930s, but published only in 1951. In

1962, the Institute of Art of Polish Academy of Sciences

(at the instigation of Michał Walicki), began a systematic

documentation eort for the wooden religious architec-

ture. That eort included the structures from the border

of Silesia and Lesser Poland [17], and the fruit of that ef-

fort are consecutive editions of Inwentarz drewnianej ar-

chitektury sakralnej w Polsce [Inventory of wooden sacral

architecture in Poland] – which to this day are compiled

and published.

Wooden churches in Lesser Poland became subject of conser-

vators’ interest (among others conservators belonging to Grono Kon-

serwatorów Galicji Zachodniej in Kraków). Wooden architecture was

included in Teki Grona Konserwatorów Galicji Zachodniej [Files of

Western Galician Conservators’ Circles]. Authors included not only the

descriptions or views of wooden churches, but at times also detailed ar-

chitectural drawings. Moreover, religious wooden architecture became

also a topic of monument catalogues including descriptions, photographs

and architectural drawings.

Dierent academic institutions carried out surveys of wooden

architecture. Folk Architecture Section in Zakład Architektury Polskiej

of Faculty of Architecture Warsaw University of Technology (ZAP WA

PW) from 1922 carried out surveys of wooden constructions and architec-

ture (including churches and tserkvas). That work continued after World

War II. The research carried out by Centralne Biuro Inwentaryzacji (CBI)

established in 1929 by Departament Sztuki Ministerstwa Wyznań Religij-

nych i Oświecenia Publicznego was of particular importance. Working for

CBI Jerzy Szablowski developed the concept of Katalog zabytków sztu ki

w Polsce and started working on rst volumes of the catalogue [16].

Digital documentation of wooden architecture 37

3D Scanning and digital photogrammetry

in surveying heritage wooden architecture

In the last 20 years, digital surveying technologies have

become a more and more popular method used for docu-

menting heritage architecture. They became widespread

not only as a method to undertake meticulous surveys (do-

cumentation required for the research and conservationist

work), but they are also considered as a method of pro-

tection of the valuable structures of architectural heritage

[18]. Furthermore, the process of digitizing architectural

heritage monuments also follows recommendations of

The European Commission, which advocates that by 2030

at least half of the most visited monuments and endan-

gered sites should be digitised [19]. Wooden facilities that

are in particular danger of destruction can be classied as

endangered sites.

Digital surveying methods, from the start of their use

in Poland

were used to digitise wooden architectural mo-

numents. One of the rst facilities in Poland, surveyed with

laser scanners, was the wooden Saint Michael the Ar ch-

angel

church in Michalice [20]. The development of tech-

nology, the simplication of the user interface for the

hardware and software, and also miniaturisation and au-

tomatisation of the measurement tools resulted in more

widespread methods of digital surveying. Geometrically

complex structures of the wooden monuments are now in-

creasingly surveyed with the use of scanning lasers [21],

even though due to the high cost of the necessary measure-

ment instruments, this method is less accessible. Despite

the high accuracy of the measurements carried out with

the laser scanners, the data collected for the architectur-

al survey – due to its non-continuous character – requires

interpretation: dening the surface and edges of multiple

elements of the building construction, which due to edge

noise eect are registered ambiguously. Another limitation

in the use of this scanning technology is the atmospheric

phenomena. Rain drops, fog, or pollen in the air, generate

additional reections of the laser beam, thus generating

erroneous data [22]. The quality of the obtained data is

aected by the resolution of the measurement (impacting

both the density of the nal point cloud and the accuracy

in binding the consecutive scans), placement of the mea-

suring positions (which decides the angle of the projection

of the laser beam onto the surface and the completeness of

the measurement data) and the shape of the facility and its

surroundings (which can result in generating blind spots

– locations inaccessible to the laser beam) [23].

Digital photogrammetry, due to the development of

computer technology, became an unusually popular meth-

od, thanks to both simplication of the process of acquiring

data (photos), as well as the later post-production. The cost

of digital photogrammetry is also much lower in compar-

ison to laser scanning measurements. The mapping of an

architectural structure in a 3D model currently relies on

In Poland new techniques of surveying architecture: laser scan-

ning and close-range digital photogrammetry have been used since the

decade of the 21

century.

the photographs made by non-metric cameras

, whilst the

process of spatial orientation of the collected photos and

generating a point cloud and models based on 3D triangle

meshes is carried out mostly automatically. This means it

does not require specialist knowledge and skills from the

person carrying out the survey, as it was the case with the

traditional stereophotogrammetry. The accuracy of measu-

rements depends on a multitude of factors such as the con -

ditions in which photos were taken, placement of the con-

trol points, equipment used, the way of carrying out the

imaging, and lastly, software used for analysing the data

[24], [25]. Source material that was appropriately obtained

allows for a relatively detailed reconstruction of the geo -

metry of the architectural shape and the detail. It brings

added value by acquiring a photo realistic texture of the

model, thus enriching the information obtained from the

surveyed facility [26]. In the process of measuring uncom-

plicated construction structures, both at and three-dimen-

sional (stone walls, sculptures), the accuracy of spatial data

obtained with photogrammetry is adequate for the archi-

tectural research description

[27] and can complement

the data obtained from laser scanning [28]. However, with

more complicated forms, especially the construction struc-

ture of wooden monuments, specically tower construction

and roof trusses (locations that are usually dicult to reach

and often poorly lit), it is necessary to use laser scanning for

obtaining accurate measurements [29], [30]. Laser scanning

technology allows for reliable registration of the structures’

geometry, even with poor light conditions. The conditions

of taking the photos

are an extremely important factor de-

ning the geometrical accuracy of photogrammetric recon-

struction [31]. Additionally, an even more important issue

for whoever is ordering a digital survey (potentially not thor-

oughly informed on the used technologies) is a lack of set

standards or minimum requirements for carrying out a sur-

vey of particularly precious historical buildings

[32], [33].

Surveying of wooden churches on Silesian

and Lesser Poland border – the research method

The churches that are the subject of this article had ex-

isting architectural documentation, carried out in various

scopes and dierent scales, before and shortly after the

Second World War

. As a part of a consecutive volume

For users it means they do not have to use professional specialist

cameras.

Digital photogrammetry allows accuracy of ±2 cm in buildings of

20–30 m tall and wide.

When preparing photos for digital photogrammetry it is important to

provide appropriate lighting of surveyed structures and also to take adequate

amount of photos (with at least 60% of photographs overlap), which in nar-

row and dark spaces between construction elements (e.g. between the roof

truss elements) is sometimes impossible – even using wide-angle lenses.

The minimum standard of preparing architectural surveys of mo -

numents using digital methods was prepared by NID being the Centre

of Competence in Monument Digitisation. That document is not legally

binding but it can be treated as the guidelines for customers contracting

digital surveys of monuments of architecture.

Church of St. Catherine of Alexandria in Cięcina – drawing of re-

constructed plan and situation plan before last changes (extension of the

nave and relocation of the tower) made in 1936 in Oddział Sztuki Urzędu

38 Klara Kantorowicz

Inwentarz drewnianej architektury sakralnej w Polsce

released by the Institute of Art of Polish Academy of Sci-

ences (PAS), the team from National Institute of Cultur-

al Heritage (NID) carried out measuring surveys for the

aforementioned group of churches

in 2022. The spatial

data was collected in a process of terrestrial laser scan-

ning using an impulse scanner

which resulted in virtual

Wojewódzkiego Krakowskiego on a scale 1:100 (inventory no. 921); plan

published [1]; Church of St. Andrew the Apostole in Gilowice – plan with

scheme sections of roof truss and scheme plan with extensions drawn in

1933 for Oddział Sztuki Urzędu Wojewódzkiego Krakowskiego by arch.

Bogdan Treter on a scale 1:100 (inventory no. 825 and 826); plan pub-

lished [1]; Church of St. Andrew the Apostole in Graboszyce – survey

prepared in 1946 by Wiesława Dzięciołowska, Zbigniew Mikołajewski

and Jerzy Dajewski (students from Faculty of Architecture, AGH Uni-

versity of Science and Technology in Krakow): 2 plans, 2 sections and

3 façades on a scale 1:50 [WA PW Collection]; Church of St. Bartho-

lomew in Poręba Wielka – plan on a scale 1:100 made in July 1939 by

Stefan Świszczewski for CBI (inventory no. 3339a) [WA PW Collection];

Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in Stara Wieś – architectural

survey made before 1930 for CBI by arch. Zygmunt Gawlik: plan, 2 sec-

tions and 2 façades on a scale 1:100 [WA PW Collection].

Inwentarz drewnianej architektury sakralnej w Polsce collection

which presented the oldest wooden religious buildings in Poland with full ar -

chitectural surveys, have been published since 1983 in Institute of Art PAS.

The digitalisation of churches developed within “Digitalizacja

i udostępnianie cyfrowych dóbr kultury – zabytków oraz grobów i cmen-

tarzy wojennych” (no. POPC.02.03.02-00-0017/18) project co-nanced

by Program Operacyjny Polska Cyfrowa supported by the European Re-

gional Development Fund and Ministry of Culture, National Heritage

and Sport of the Republic of Poland.

Churches were scanned with Faro Focus 3D and Faro Focus S350

scanners with resolution allowing to register 9 points per square centime-

tre on the structure, placed 10 m from scanner head. Registration of raw

data and building point cloud of the building was conducted in FaroScene

using the “cloud to cloud” method. The geodetic control points were used

to locate the point cloud in the geodetic coordinates system.

mapping of the structure as a point cloud. Simultaneously,

using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

and a photo cam-

era

, photos were taken, constituting starting material

for the photogrammetric description of the outside of the

facility. The photos were taken around the facility from

each camera position: perpendicular to the façade surface

and angular in two directions (to the left and to the right)

in 20 MPx resolution. The overlap, horizontal and ver-

tical, between the consecutive photos perpendicular to

the façade was no less than 60%. Based on these photos,

MESH models were produced

. They are shared on the

NID website [34]–[38] for the reason of popularisation,

and also were used to create metric orthographic photo

plans of the façades (Fig. 1). Based on the data collected

Photogrammetric ight was conducted by Unmanned Aerial Ve-

hicle DJI Phantom 4 Pro equipped with a camera with built-in lens of

24 mm. Photos were made with 60% horizontal and vertical overlap,

with a maximum 2 mm ground sampling distance.

Photos made with Canon EOS R6 camera with 24 mm and 35 mm

lens were used as supplementary material illustrating bottom of cornices

and eaves or space under the “soboty” porches, which is only partially

visible for UAV camera. The photos taken from maximum 5 m distance

resulted in obtaining a ground sampling distance of maximum 2 mm.

Photogrammetric models were created by joining the photos

made from UAV and camera. Calibration conducted in ContextCaptre

program for each photographic instruments (DJI Phantom, Canon with

24 mm lens and Canon with 35 mm lens) preceded joint aerotriangu-

lation of the photo groups. The geodetic control points also have been

used for better mutual orientation of photo groups. Depending on the

complexity of the church form, the number of control points diered

from a dozen to more than thirty (in churches surrounded by “soboty”).

The control points were distributed on church facades, on dierent

heights (reachable by the surveyors) in feature points of the church plan.

Three-dimensional geodetic coordinates were surveyed with Leica Flex-

line ts07 Manual Total Station in Kronsztad geodetic reference system.

Fig. 1. Orthophotography of south elevation of church in Cięcina, 2022 (elaborated by K. Czajkowski, R. Trochimiak, K. Kantorowicz, NID)

Il. 1. Ortofotograficzne zobrazowanie elewacji południowej kościoła w Cięcinie, 2022 (oprac. K. Czajkowski, R. Trochimiak, K. Kantorowicz, NID)

Digital documentation of wooden architecture 39

from the scanning and photogrammetry, detailed vector

survey drawings were created. They show plans, sections

and façades of the described facilities.

Specificity of surveying wooden monuments

– documentation carried out using traditional

and digital methods

Specic construction of wooden facilities that consist of

separate, autonomic elements requires the architectural doc-

umentation to be carried out with great attention to detail

and an analytical way of drawing the building structures

Wood, as it is susceptible to a changing environment,

“warps”, which results in changes to the original geometry

of the building and introduces irregularities in the construc-

tion. Documenting all the geometry changes and deforma-

tions is crucial, both for the research-conservationist stand-

point, as well as monitoring the state of the construction.

The traditional methods of surveying rely on measuring

and drawing sections, and projections of the building on

2D drawings in assumed scales (thus accuracy) tting the

intended purpose of the documentation. Reliable measure-

ment should be carried out from points independent from

the building: geodesic matrix or levelling. It allows the

elimination of stacking errors stemming from measuring

In the survey drawings each element of the building construction

should be drawn separately showing carpentry joints and supplementary

elements such as window and door carpentry or roof sheathing.

a structure from itself. The measurement starts from scru-

pulous familiarisation with the structure, and taking mea-

suring notes that denote all of the visible elements that are

being measured. Measurement of the angles, and the space

relation of the points, is traditionally carried out by a trian-

gulation method that is binding the dimensions into a mesh

of triangles as shapes that are geometrically unchangeable.

The problem lies in accurate sketching of the measured ge-

ometry in the intended scale of the documentation, where

even small errors can result in the wrong interpretation of

the angles and mutual location of each element. Currently

used laser rangenders (as opposed to a measuring tape)

led to simplifying of the measuring process, enabling more

accurate and faster measuring of the distances (even at sig-

nicant heights), and sketching the measurement in CAD

software substantially lowered the errors stemming from

drafting in an intended scale. However, as a rule, the pro-

cess of surveying remained the same.

Conversely, documenting facilities with digital meth-

ods is, characteristically, a completely dierent process,

that is increasingly more common in the architectural sur-

vey process, including heritage wooden monuments. Un-

doubtedly, an advantage here is the velocity of collecting

the spatial information and geometrical accuracy of the

collected data. Using the laser scanner in the measurement

process allows for acquiring accuracy otherwise unattain-

able in traditional measuring methods. This accuracy is vi-

tal in documenting the irregular shapes of wooden church-

es. Correct documentation of geometric disgurements and

their elements (bending, buckling or torsion of the beams)

Fig. 2. Church in Graboszyce:

A – longitudinal section, 1946 (elaborated by W. Dzięciołowska, Z. Mikołajewski, J. Dajewski, students of WA AGH in Cracow, WA PW Collection),

B – comparison of traditional measurements with point cloud (elaborated by K. Kantorowicz on the basis of survey form 2022: K. Czajkowski,

K. Kantorowicz, M. Rustecka, R. Trochimiak, measurement by NID)

Il. 2. Kościół w Graboszycach:

A – przekrój podłużny, 1946 (oprac. W. Dzięciołowska, Z. Mikołajewski, J. Dajewski, WA AGH w Krakowie, archiwum WA PW),

B – porównanie opracowania tradycyjnego z chmurą punktów (oprac. K. Kantorowicz na podstawie pomiaru z 2022 r.: K. Czajkowski,

K. Kantorowicz, M. Rustecka, R. Trochimiak, NID)

40 Klara Kantorowicz

is particularly crucial if the carried out survey is supposed

to be used for the evaluation of the state of the construc-

tion, or further research and conservation process [39].

The laser scanning method, allowing for accurate geomet-

rical representation of each element is extremely helpful

in the diagnosis of disgurement and defects in the struc-

ture of the building (Fig. 2B) [40].

In the documentation obtained with traditional methods

(compared to geometry registered with laser scanners),

a substantial simplication of all of the irregularities can

be noted – vertical deviation and inaccuracies in the level

dierences. In the case of churches, where windows are

usually placed at a considerable height, it is problematic

within the use of traditional measurements to qualify the

thickness of the walls that were estimated based on the

dierences in external and internal measurements. In tra-

ditionally carried out surveys, the relative location in the

section of the interiors placed on dierent levels is often

very simplied. For instance, the positions of roof trusses

relative to the nave interior (Figs. 2, 3).

It is worth remembering that before the beginning of

any measurement (also when digital methods are used)

it is paramount to get familiar with the structure of the

facility. Initial discernment of the geometry and the con-

struction of the building traditionally resulted in measure-

ment notes (Fig. 4). In the case where digital technologies

are used, getting familiar with the geometry of the facility

is necessary in correctly designing the scanning process

so that fully automated scans can be joined together in

a cloud that fully represents all of the building elements.

It is also important for dening any information that will

not be recorded by the scanning process, and that should

be registered using other methods. The biggest challenge

of measuring wooden buildings is complex construction

Fig. 3. Church in Stara Wieś, longitudinal section – comparison of traditional measurements with point cloud

(elaborated by K. Kantorowicz on the basis of survey form 2022: K. Czajkowski, R. Trochimiak, T. Żebrowski, NID

and measurements by Z. Gawlik, 1930, WA PW Collection)

Il. 3. Kościół w Starej Wsi, przekrój podłużny – porównanie opracowania tradycyjnego z chmurą punktów

(oprac. K. Kantorowicz na podstawie pomiaru z 2022 r.: K. Czajkowski, R. Trochimiak, T. Żebrowski, NID

oraz oprac. Z. Gawlika z 1930 r. z archiwum WA PW)

Digital documentation of wooden architecture 41

structure, resulting in a phenomenon of mutual obscuring

of the elements. For this reason, during a scanning pro-

cess the information about the building’s geometry may

remain incomplete in various places. In a similar situation

in the process of generating a digital model of interiors

and construction based on photos, artefacts can be gener-

ated, thus giving the wrong information about the shape of

a building. At the current level of technology, carrying out

an accurate and complete measurement of complicated,

multi-element structures of towers or roof trusses with the

photogrammetry method is very dicult, and can lead to

an incorrect interpretation of the structural layout.

Photogrammetry however yields great results in docu-

menting paintings (Fig. 5C) or the façade (exterior shape)

of the structure (Fig. 1). A comparison

(Fig. 6) was made

of a point cloud representing the exterior of Cięcina church

– generated in a photogrammetric process

and geo-refer-

enced based on the geodetic control points

with a point

Comparison of surveys was conducted in the CloudCompare pro-

gram. A point-cloud from laser scanning was used as the reference data.

A point-cloud generated from the photographs was compared (with the

“cloud to mesh” method) with a MESH made from a scanned point cloud.

This method showed minimal distance of points from the MESH surface.

The photogrammetric model was reconstructed with the Bentley

ContextCapture program on the basis of more than 4500 photos taken

by UAV camera and digital camera in bright sunlight conditions (photo

parameters described earlier).

Assigning the 3D coordinates of tie points was conducted on the

basis of six (out of seventeen) control points. The geo-referencing aver-

cloud registered with laser scanners in 21 positions. This

comparison shows that in the case of well-lit wooden sur-

faces

, the measurement error of the photogrammetric

survey is within 1 cm range (Figs. 6C, 6D). Bigger discrep-

ancies (up to 8 cm in a few particular spots) were noted in

exceptionally shaded locations, mostly under the eave or

by the sculpted elements (Figs. 6E, 6F). The most signi-

cant discrepancies between the cloud generated from scan-

ning versus the photogrammetric one (even up to 20 cm)

are localised in the glass pane parts or similar reective

materials, where the reections of the environment prevent

the photogrammetric software from making an appropriate

interpretation of reective surface geometry. Additionally,

these kind of discrepancies occur in locations where the

shaping of the structure itself and its environment are not

attainable for the laser beam

(Fig. 6B). One could state

that for an appropriately detailed imaging, in favourable

lightning conditions, photogrammetric measurement of an

external architectural shape of a wooden structure is su-

age deviation was ±3.1 mm: on the x-axis from –5.9 to 3.8 mm, on y-axis

from –3.5 to 6.7 mm and on the z-axis from –3.1 to 8.4 mm.

Wooden surfaces – cladding, shingle and “blockbau” walls – be-

ing non-homogeneous and having unique structure and pattern are well

recognised by photogrammetric programmes. Automatic recognition of

tie points is better, contrary to uniform surfaces like plaster walls or met-

al roong which generate more spatial errors because of diculties of

data interpretation.

It is mostly seen on surfaces of low slope roong, which were

also shaded by surrounding trees.

Fig. 4. Church of St. Nikolaus in Tum near Łęczyca – survey notes, 1933 (elaborated by Z. Zakrzewski, H. Tchorzewski, Reichert, WA PW Collection)

Il. 4 Kościół filialny pw. Św. Mikołaja w Tumie pod Łęczycą – notatka pomiarowa, 1933

(oprac. Z. Zakrzewski, H. Tchorzewski, Reichert, archiwum WA PW)

42 Klara Kantorowicz

ciently accurate for the needs of architectural research or

conducting construction and maintenance design

An undeniable asset of the digital methods of spatial

registration is the aforementioned colour information

that is collected. In the cloud points, each point has an

RGB value assigned (Fig. 5A), whilst for photogram-

metric models a colour texture is assigned to the surface

geometry. It is of the utmost importance if the documen-

tation is intended for diagnosing damages, or the material

processing method, as well as damages due to biological

factors

. Thanks to that feature, photogrammetry is an

The specicity of architectural facilities requires (to make a com-

plete survey) collecting special data from dierent heights (not only from

human or terrestrial scanner point of view). Some parts of the wall or roof

surfaces are not visible from a human point of view, especially when the

building is surrounded by high trees or other buildings, thus not allowing

the scanner to register these parts from a distance. That is why the photos

made by UAV cameras are often the only data which allows a complete

survey of all surfaces of the external shape of the building.

Photogrammetry documentation made for the restoration docu-

mentation of polychromes or analyses of structure of carpentry types of

cutting wooden material have to be prepared with signicantly higher

accuracy and resolution than surveys made for architectural and con-

struction purposes. The polychromes were photographed using articial

light (LED lamps) with Canon EOS R6 camera with 35 mm lens. Photos

excellent way of imaging polychromes. Not only does it

allow for precise registration of the form of the painting,

but also constitutes a record of the state of preservation of

the paintings and possible damages to the structure of the

wall (beams) that they cover (Fig. 5C).

In conducting an architectural survey using digital

methods, it is essential not to put one’s unlimited trust in

automated technology. As mentioned, in the scanning pro-

cess only the surfaces visible for the instrument placed in

concrete spots are recorded. Due to that, any occluded or

internal structure of the multilayered structures (e.g. cov-

ered with wooden cladding) is not in any way documented.

Also, the wall surfaces that are obscured by liturgical fur-

nishing – altars, wardrobes in the sacristy or confession-

als (Fig. 7) – remain invisible for the scanner. The way of

binding a particular construction element also remains un-

recorded, leading to missing important information on the

facility’s structure. In a complicated construction of roof

trusses or tented roofs on tower tops, the elements that mu-

tually obscure each other often prevent the scanner laser

were made with minimum 70% horizontal and vertical overlap from ap-

proximately 1 m distance, which resulted in maximum 0.5 mm ground

sampling distance. The polychromes placed 2 m above the ground or

higher were photographed using a telescopic mast (6 m high).

Fig. 5. Colourful views:

A – Church in Poręba Wielka,

point cloud view of the chancel

wall, 2022 (measurements by

K. Czajkowski, K. Kantorowicz,

R. Trochimiak, T. Żebrowski,

NID),

B – Church in Gilowice,

polychrome visible prom the roof

truss, 2022

(photo by K. Kantorowicz),

C – Church in Gilowice,

polychrome visible prom the roof

truss: orthophotography, 2022

(elaborated by K. Czajkowski,

K. Kantorowicz, R. Trochimiak,

T. Żebrowski, NID)

Il. 5. Barwne zobrazowania:

A – kościół w Porębie Wielkiej,

zobrazowanie chmury punktów

północnej ściany prezbiterium,

2022 (oprac. K. Czajkowski,

K. Kantorowicz, R. Trochimiak,

T. Żebrowski, NID),

B – kościół w Gilowicach,

polichromie na zaskrzynieniu

widoczne na więźbie dachowej,

2022 (fot. K. Kantorowicz),

C – kościół w Gilowicach,

polichromie na zaskrzynieniu

widoczne na więźbie dachowej,

ortofotoplan, 2022

(oprac. K. Czajkowski,

K. Kantorowicz, R. Trochimiak,

T. Żebrowski, NID)

Digital documentation of wooden architecture 43

beam from reaching surfaces of all of the elements that con-

stitute the structure (Fig. 8). In particular, when placing the

scanner on a dierent level than truss-oor is not possible.

As the survey drawings should contain the fullest pos-

sible information on the structure of the facility, the sur-

veyor cannot rely solely on the information obtained from

automated spatial recording. In order to produce a com-

plete survey, it is vital that the surveyor be present on the

site, conducting detailed analysis of the carpentry joints,

placement of individual elements as well as identication

and documentation (with methods available) of locations

that are inaccessible for the scanner (Fig. 9).

Conclusions

When comparing the results of the measurements con-

ducted with traditional and digital methods, the undeni-

able advantages of using the modern surveying techniques

ought to be emphasised. However, it should be taken into

account that such methods are imperfect, thus leading to

errors in nal documentation that could occur from the in-

considerate use of technology. First of all, laser scanning

and photogrammetry are entirely safe for historical struc-

tures. Since they collect data contactless, they do not pose

any danger to the sensitive matter of a historical building.

Moreover, they allow us to obtain the accuracy of measure-

ment unattainable with traditional methods, whilst collect-

ing data very fast. Additionally, a given facility’s scan (or

its photogrammetry model) contains information on the

fully visible spatial structure of the facility at the time of

the documentation, and not – as it is in the case of tradition-

al methods – arbitrarily dened plans, sections or façades.

Thanks to that, on the basis of a singular measurement, it

is possible to produce a three-dimensional model of the

facility or generate any section or view. The increasingly

accessible digital photogrammetry technique, allowing for

reconstructing architectural shapes in three-dimensional

MESH models, results in wide visualisation possibilities. It

permits not only to document the existing state, but also to

conduct virtual analysis of the proposed works in the his-

torical building or its surrounding, as well as an excellent

basis for generating digital reconstructions. Accuracy of

photogrammetric mapping is usually sucient for architec-

tural analysis of the façades, especially in the wooden mon-

uments, where the external formwork or shingle covering

the façade is regularly changed. That is why the millimetre

Fig. 6. Church in Cięcina:

A – visualisation of camera poses

for photogrammetric model,

B – point cloud registered by

laser scanner – blind spots,

C, D, E, F – accuracy analysis

of parts of point cloud generated

in photogrammetric process in

comparison with measurements

registered by laser scanner

with histogram

(elaborated by R. Trochimiak,

K. Kantorowicz, NID)

Il. 6 Kościół w Cięcinie:

A – wizualizacja zdjęć do

modelu fotogrametrycznego,

B – chmura punktów z naziemnego

skanera laserowego – martwe pola,

C, D, E, F – analiza dokładności

fragmentów chmury punktów

uzyskanej z fotogrametrii

cyfrowej porównanej

z pomiarem ze skanera

laserowego z histogramem

(oprac. R. Trochimiak,

K. Kantorowicz, NID)

44 Klara Kantorowicz

accuracy of the measurement, signicant in measuring the

original structure of the walls, towers or roof trusses, is not

so important in imaging the external shape of the building.

Still, it is important to underline that the scanning pro-

cess needs to be conducted with the awareness of the lim-

itations and deciencies in the imaging. Cloud points from

a scanner, or generated from photographs, do not contain

all the information necessary to produce an exhaustive ar-

chitectural documentation intended as a basis for further

research and designs. Due to simplication and autom-

atisation of data collection, the operator should plan the

scanning positions with minimising the blind spots, as well

as test for the completeness of the data whilst still on loca-

tion. Transferring the data processing stage into the oce

requires collecting the complete information during a rela-

tively short period of eld work. Since, as mentioned, part

of the structure, details and layered structures will remain

invisible to the scanner, it is a necessity during eld work

to identify and document (using alternative methods) all

of these places. Otherwise, despite its accuracy, the survey

conducted only on the basis of laser measurement could

be less informative (Fig. 10B) than documentation carried

with the use of traditional methods. Since the structure of

a wooden construction requires analytical imaging of its

individual elements – as well as how they are joined to-

gether – it could be depicted erroneously or in far-reach-

ing simplication. Photogrammetric imaging of carpentry

joints would allow for their proper interpretation, but in-

sucient lighting (underexposure) often remains an issue.

Additionally, tight spaces do not allow for taking a su-

cient number of images, thus making it impossible to re-

construct the detail in a three-dimensional model.

This is why the traditional documentation process (de-

spite being less accurate and limited to a predetermined

scope of drawings) still presents undeniable strengths. No-

tably, it is the need to produce drawings (survey sketches)

Fig. 7. Church in Cięcina

– comparison of point cloud view

and architectural drawings

based on it, 2022

(elaborated by R. Trochimiak,

K. Kantorowicz, NID)

Il. 7. Kościół w Cięcinie

– fragmenty skanu i wykonanego

na jego podstawie rzutu, 2022,

(oprac. R. Trochimiak,

K. Kantorowicz, NID)

Fig. 8. Church of St. Procopus

in Krzcięcice – point cloud of

the roof truss with blank spots

under the ridge, 2021

(elaborated by K. Czajkowski,

K. Kantorowicz,

R. Trochimiak, NID)

Il. 8. Kościół pw. św. Prokopa

w Krzcięcicach – fragmenty

skanu więźby dachowej

z widocznymi brakami

w chmurze w strefie pod

kalenicą, 2021

(oprac. K. Czajkowski,

K. Kantorowicz,

R. Trochimiak, NID)

Digital documentation of wooden architecture 45

Fig. 9. Flèches:

A – piece of survey notes from

church in Tum near Łęczyca, 1933

(Z. Zakrzewski, H. Tchorzewski,

Reichert, WA PW Collection),

B – view of the point cloud from

church in Cięcina, 2022

(elaborated by K. Czajkowski,

K. Kantorowicz,

R. Trochimiak, NID)

Il. 9. Sygnaturki:

A – fragment notatki pomiarowej

z kościoła w Tumie pod Łęczycą,

1933 (Z. Zakrzewski,

H. Tchorzewski, Reichert,

archiwum WA PW),

B – widok chmury punktów

ze skanu kościoła w Cięcinie, 2022

(oprac. K. Czajkowski,

K. Kantorowicz,

R. Trochimiak, NID)

Fig. 10. Comparison of different

drawings of wooden churches

plans made on the basis

of laser scanning:

A – Church in Graboszyce,

ground floor plan, 2022

(elaborated by Czajkowski,

K. Kantorowicz,

R. Trochimiak, NID),

B – Church of St. Barbara

in Magnuszewice,

ground floor plan (source: [41])

Il. 10. Porównanie różnych

opracowań rzutów drewnianych

kościołów wykonanych

na podstawie skanowania

laserowego:

A – kościół w Graboszycach,

rzut przyziemia, 2022

(oprac. K. Czajkowski,

K. Kantorowicz,

R. Trochimiak, NID),

B – kościół pw. św. Barbary

w Magnuszewicach,

rzut parteru, 2018 (źródło: [41])

46 Klara Kantorowicz

Acknowledgements

The article was based on the work of National Institute of Cultural

Heritage realised as part of project “Digitalizacja i udostępnianie cy-

frowych dóbr kultury – zabytków oraz grobów i cmentarzy wojennych”

(no. POPC.02.03.02-00-0017/18) project co-nanced by Program Ope-

ra cyjny Polska Cyfrowa supported by the European Regional Develop-

ment Fund and the Ministry of Culture, National Heritage and Sport of

the Republic of Poland.

[1] Katalog zabytków sztuki w Polsce, t. 1, Województwo krakowskie,

J. Szablowski (red.), z. 15, Powiat żywiecki, J. Szabłowski (oprac.),

Ministerstwo Kultury i Sztuki, Warszawa 1951.

[2] Łepkowski J., Przegląd zabytków przeszłości z okolic Krakowa,

[s.n.], Warszawa 1863.

[3] Brykowski R., Kornecki M., Drewniane kościoły w Małopolsce

Południowej, Ossolineum, Wrocław–Warszawa 1984.

[4] Konieczny A., Badania dendrochronologiczne zabytkowych koś-

cio

łów drewnianych w województwie śląskim w latach 2010–2011,

“Wia domości Konserwatorskie Województwa Śląskiego” 2012, nr 4,

189–236.

[5] Kornecki M., Drewniana architektura sakralna w Polsce. Zagad-

nienie typów i form regionalnych w rozwoju historycznym, “Ochrona

Zabytków” 1992, nr 1–2(45), 7–31.

[6] Grabski M., Ochrona budownictwa drewnianego. Małopolskie

realizacje skansenowskie w końcu XIX i w XX wieku, Księgarnia

Akademicka, Kraków 2012.

[7] Kozicki W., W obronie kościołów i cerkwi drewnianych, Wydawnic-

two Grona C.K. Konserwatorów Galicyi Wschodniej, Lwów 1913.

[8] Teka Grona Konserwatorów Gaicyi Zachodniej, t. 2, Wydawnictwo

C.K. Grona Konserwatorów Galicyi Zachodniej, Kraków 1904.

[9] Kopera F., Kościoły drewniane Galicyi zachodniej, S. 1, z. 1, Wy-

dawnictwo C.K. Grona Konserwatorów Galicyi Zachodniej, Kra-

ków 1913.

[10] Kopera F., Kościoły drewniane Galicyi zachodniej, S. 1, z. 2, Wy-

dawnictwo C.K. Grona Konserwatorów Galicyi Zachodniej, Kra-

ków 1915.

[11] Kopera F., Lepszy L., Kościoły drewniane Galicyi zachodniej, S. 1,

z. 3, Wydawnictwo C.K. Grona Konserwatorów Galicyi Zachod-

niej, Kraków 1916.

[12] Janusz B., Cerkwie drewniane w okolicach Lwowa, Polskie Wy-

dawnictwo Krajoznawcze, Warszawa 1912.

[13] Szyszko-Bohusz A., Kościoły w Tomaszowie i Mnichowie: przy-

czynek do historyi budownictwa drewnianego w epoce barokowej,

Akademia Umiejętności, Kraków 1912.

[14] Szydłowski T., Ruiny Polski. Opis szkód wyrządzonych przez wojnę

w dziedzinie zabytków sztuki na ziemiach Małopolski i Rusi Czer-

wonej, [s.n.], Kraków 1919.

[15] Piaścik F., Zbiory Sekcji Budownictwa Ludowego Zakładu Archi-

tektury Polskiej i Historii Sztuki PW, “Biuletyn Historii Sztuki

i Kultury” 1932, nr 1, 2–12.

[16] Piwocka M., Ostrowski J.K., Jerzy Szablowski (1906–1989), “Mu-

zealnictwo” 1990, nr 33, 89–92.

[17] Brykowski R., Z prac Instytutu Sztuki PAN nad dokumentacją drew-

nianej architektury sakralnej w Polsce, “Ochrona Zabytków” 1968,

nr 4(21), 51–58.

[18] Piech I., Klapa P., Szatan P., The use of terrestrial laser scanning

in the preservation of valuable architectural objects, “Geoma-

tics, Landmanagement and Landscape” 2021, No. 3, 53–64, doi:

10.15576/GLL/2021.3.53.

[19] European Commission, Commission recommendation of 10.11.2021

on a common European data space for cultural heritage, Brussels

2021, https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/redirection/document/80911

[accessed: 1.06.2023].

References

directly by the surveyor whilst on location. Such sketches

will contain all of the measured elements of the building.

Whilst taking the measurements and producing sketches,

the surveyor is “forced” to peruse the structure of the fa-

cility, analyse it and translate it into the sketches of the

sections in determined planes.

Due to the fact that all of the techniques used in wooden

buildings surveys have their shortcomings, it seems that

the best approach is to use all of them in a complementary

way. Combining laser scanning and photogrammetry to-

gether with traditional measurements allows for a complete

– and at the same time geometrically trustworthy – vi sua-

lisation of a surveyed building, thus allowing the data to be

used widely in other research or designs.

Summary

The undeniable advantages of increasingly modern dig-

ital measurement techniques, allowing for the undertaking

of very detailed and accurate documentation, provide in-

creasing opportunities that should be, as much as possi-

ble, used in the surveying of historical buildings. For the

particular heritage value, and complex structural design of

the historical wooden sacral buildings, the demand on the

surveyor requires much more eort than just an automated

collection of spatial data that is later used for survey draw-

ings or BIM (Building Information Modelling). In order to

create a complete survey that contains all of the necessary

data, it is essential to get familiar with, discern and prop-

erly (as in traditionally) document the geometry (includ-

ing the elements inaccessible to the laser beam or camera)

whilst on location. Similarly, it must also be done for the

joining of individual elements that make up the structure of

the entire facility and the detail.

Very rapid technological progress (continuous improve-

ment of hardware and software using increasingly accurate

algorithms, as well as the development of articial intelli-

gence) in the future will allow for ever increasing possibili-

ties for usage of the collected data. This obliges us to preserve

the best possible quality of the raw data (scans registered

from the particular positions, or photos saved in the original

resolution) amassed whilst carrying out measurements with

digital methods. This is because most likely in the near fu-

ture the secondary, fuller utilisation of this data will be pos-

sible. Maintaining the data can also allow for very precise

monitoring of valuable wooden heritage monuments, which

are in particular danger of suering damage or deterioration.

Translated by

Maria Bantin

Digital documentation of wooden architecture 47

[20] Rzonca A., Współczesne metody kompleksowej inwentaryzacji za-

bytków na przykładzie paraalnego kościoła w Michalicach, “Archi-

wum Fotogrametrii, Kartograi i Teledetekcji” 2004, Vol. 14, 1–8.

[21] Wierzejska A., Markowski W., Skanowanie laserowe drewnianego

kościoła pw. Wniebowzięcia NMP i św. Michała Archanioła w Ha-

czowie, “Ochrona Dziedzictwa Kulturowego” 2020, nr 9, 141–159,

doi: 10.35784/odk.1441.

[22] Wang J., Kutterer H., Fang X., External error modelling with com-

bined model in terrestrial laser scanning, “Survey Review” 2016,

Vol. 48, Iss. 346, 40–50, doi: 10.1080/00396265.2015.1097589.

[23] Bernat M., Byzdra A., Chmielecki M. et al., Zastosowanie naziem-

nego skaningu laserowego i przetwarzanie danych: inwentaryzacja

i inspekcja obiektów budowlanych. Przegląd technologii i przykła-

dy zastosowań, I-NET.PL, Gdańsk 2016.

[24] Barba S., Barbarella M., Di Benedetto A., Fiani M., Gujski L., Li-

mongiello M., Accuracy Assessment of 3D Photogrammetric Mo-

dels from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, “Drones” 2019, 3(4), 79,

1–19, doi: 10.3390/drones3040079.

[25] Karnicki R., Photogrammetric reconstruction software as a cost

-ecient support tool in conservation research, “Technical Tran-

sactions” 2020, Vol. 117, Iss. 1, 1–13, doi: 10.37705/TechTrans/

e2020021.

[26] Orłowski T., Tunkel M., Skanowanie obiektów zabytkowych me-

todą fotogrametryczną na przykładzie drewnianego kościoła pw.

św. Brykcjusza w Gościęcinie, “Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły

Technicznej w Katowicach” 2022, nr 14, 45–56, doi: 10.54264/0031.

[27] Szymański P., Zając M., Wojciechowska G., Tworzenie chmur

punktów obiektów architektonicznych metodami fotogrametrii na-

ziemnej, [in:] E. Łużyniecka (red.), Dziedzictwo architektoniczne.

Badania podstawowe i ich dokumentowanie, Ocyna Wydawnicza

PWr, Wrocław 2018, 119–134, doi: 10.5277/DZAR_B_2018.

[28]

Bednarz Ł., Jasieńko J., Kogut T., Dominiak Ł., Przydatność chmury

punktów do inwentaryzacji zabytku na podstawie kościoła pw. Wnie-

bowzięcia Najświętszej Marii Panny w Nysie, “Wiadomości Konser-

watorskie” 2016, nr 45, 117–128, doi: 10.17425/WK45NYSA.

[29] Barazzetti L., Mezzino D., Santana Quintero M., Digital Workow

for the Conservation of Bahrain Built Heritage: The Sheik Isa Bin

Ali House, “ISPRS International Archives of the Photogrammetry,

Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences” 2017, Vol. XLII-

2/W5, 65–70, doi: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XLII-2-W5-65-2017.

[30] Bertolini-Cestari C., Invernizzi S., Marzi T., Spano A., Numerical

survey, analysis and assessment of past interventions on historical

timber structures: the roof of Valentino Castle, “Wiadomości Konser

watorskie” 2016, nr 45, 87–97, doi: 10.17425/WK45VALENTINO.

[31] Skabek K., Tomaka A., Comparison of Photogrammetric Tech-

niques for Surface Reconstruction from Images to Reconstruction

from Laser Scanning, “Theoretical and Applied Informatics” 2014,

Vol. 26, No. 3–4, 159–176.

[32] Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa, Dobre praktyki w zakresie wyko-

nywania dokumentacji zabytków architektury współczesnymi me-

todami naziemnej rejestracji cyfrowej, Warszawa 2022, https://nid.

pl/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Dobre-praktyki-w-zakresie-wyko-

nywania-dokumentacji-zabytkow-architektury_edycja_2022.pdf

[accessed: 9.09.2023].

[33] Czajkowski K., Nowoczesne technologie w dokumentacji zabyt-

ków. Spójny system zbierania, opracowania i prezentacji danych

jako podstawa działań konserwatorskich, NID, Warszawa 2023.

[34] Mucha A., Kościół paraalny pw. św. Katarzyny, Katowice 2015,

https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/ciecina-zespol-kosciola-par-pw-sw-

katarzyny [accessed: 12.12.2023].

[35] Rotowska S., Kościół paraalny pw. św. Andrzeja, Katowice 2015,

https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/gilowice-kosciol-paraalny-pw-sw

-andrzeja-apostola [accessed: 12.12.2023].

[36] Śledzikowski T., Kościół paraalny pw. św. Andrzeja, Kraków 2022,

https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/graboszyce-kosciol-par-pw-sw-an-

drzeja [accessed: 12.12.2023].

[37] Śledzikowski T., Kościół paraalny pw. św. Bartłomieja, Kra

ków

2022, https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/g-214866 [accessed: 12.12.2023].

[38] Mucha A., Kościół paraalny pw. św. Podwyższenia Krzyża Święte-

go, Katowice 2015, https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/stara-wies-kosciol

-par-pw-podwyzszenia-krzyza-swietego [accessed: 12.12.2023].

[39] Prarat M., Schaaf U., Inwentaryzacja pomiarowo-rysunkowa za-

bytków architektury drewnianej w procesie konserwatorskim – pro-

blemy i propozycja standaryzacji, “Budownictwo i Architektura”

2015, Vol. 14, nr 4, 99–110.

[40] Pawłowicz J., Skaner laserowy 3D, jako narzędzie do rejestracji

nieprawidłowości występujących w konstrukcjach budowlanych,

“Logistyka” 2014, nr 5, 1240–1246.

[41] Brinken D., Kogut T., Wykorzystanie naziemnego skanowania la-

serowego w opracowaniu dokumentacji architektoniczno-budow-

lanej oraz badaniu zniekształcenia dachu, “Archiwum Fotograme-

trii, Kartograi i Teledetekcji” 2018, Vol. 30, 43–53, doi: 10.14681/

afkit.2018.003.

Abstract

Usage of digital surveying techniques in monuments

of wooden architecture.

Example of documentation of churches on Silesia and Lesser Poland border

Monuments of wooden architecture are part of heritage which is particularly liable to destruction. That is why they need a detailed architectural

survey. Architectural measurements of wooden churches in Poland have been conducted since the end of the 19

century. The digital methods of

documenting monuments are becoming more and more popular and available, so they are replacing traditional measurements methods also in the

monuments of wooden architecture.

Examining the documentation made with digital techniques in 2022 in comparison to historical drawings for ve wooden churches on Silesia and

Lesser Poland border helped to stress the advantages and disadvantages of using modern surveying techniques in wooden architecture.

It is obvious that using digital methods allows us to take the measurements faster. Also the geometry of the structure is registered more accurately.

3D documentation represents the geometry of the whole building, that is why it is fuller than the traditional architectural documentation, which only

consists of predetermined plans and sections. The advantage of 3D documentation is also in the possibility to use it for visualisation purposes, e.g.

special analyses or popularisation of heritage. However, while using digital surveying techniques in wooden architecture one must remember that

these types of buildings require analytic documentation showing all elements of their complex construction. That is why creating competent docu-

mentation demands thorough study of the structure, especially in places inaccessible for scanners or cameras.

Key words: sacral architecture, wooden architecture, historic building survey, laser scanning, photogrammetry, 3D documentation

48 Klara Kantorowicz

Streszczenie

Wykorzystanie metod cyfrowych w dokumentacji zabytkowej architektury drewnianej

na przykładzie inwentaryzacji kościołów na pograniczu śląsko-małopolskim

Zabytkowe obiekty architektury drewnianej jako dziedzictwo szczególnie narażone na zniszczenia wymagają szczegółowej dokumentacji archi-

tektonicznej. Inwentaryzacje pomiarowo-rysunkowe kościołów drewnianych na terenie Polski wykonywane były od końca XIX w. Cyfrowe metody

dokumentacji zabytków, stając się coraz popularniejsze i szerzej dostępne, zastępują pomiary wykonywane metodami tradycyjnymi, również w za-

bytkowych obiektach drewnianych.

Na przykładzie inwentaryzacji pięciu zabytkowych kościołów drewnianych z pogranicza śląsko-małopolskiego, wykonanych w 2022 r. za pomo-

cą skanowania laserowego i fotogrametrii cyfrowej, przeprowadzona została analiza porównawcza z dokumentacją historyczną w celu uwypukle-

nia korzyści, ale jednocześnie możliwych braków czy błędów wynikających z zastosowania nowoczesnych technik pomiarowych w dokumentacji

obiektów drewnianych.

Niewątpliwie wykorzystanie metod cyfrowych pozwala na przyspieszenie procesu dokumentacji, a także pozwala na bardzo precyzyjne od-

wzorowanie geometrii obiektu. Trójwymiarowe dokumentacje stanowią zdecydowanie pełniejsze zobrazowanie obiektu, nie ograniczając się tylko

do zadanych rzutów i przekrojów jak w tradycyjnej inwentaryzacji. Ich zaletą są także możliwości wizualizacyjne – wykorzystania pomiarów jako

modeli do analiz przestrzennych czy też w celach czysto popularyzatorskich. Wyzwanie wciąż stanowi złożona struktura konstrukcyjno-budowlana

obiektów drewnianych, która powinna zostać odzwierciedlona na inwentaryzacji architektonicznej. Dlatego też inwentaryzator zobowiązany jest do

wnikliwego rozpoznania struktury obiektu – szczególnie w miejscach, które pozostają niedostępne dla skanerów.

Słowa kluczowe: architektura sakralna, architektura drewniana, inwentaryzacja zabytku, skanowanie laserowe, fotogrametria, dokumentacja 3D