Wykorzystanie opracowań wektorowych 2D jako etap badań architektonicznych w dobie cyfrowych modeli przestrzennych

Ewa Łużyniecka

doi:10.37190/arc220308

Streszczenie

W artykule starano się udowodnić, że w badaniach architektonicznych jeszcze przez pewien czas będziemy wykorzystywać dwuwymiarowe rysunki linearne. Podstawą rozważań były materiały z badań prowadzonych w latach 2017–2022. Większość z nich to opracowania wykonane pod kierunkiem autorki przez zespół złożony z doktorantów i studentów Wydziału Architektury Politechniki Wrocławskiej. W podsumowaniu stwierdzono, że w badaniach naukowych podstawą przekazu powinna być komunikatywność i zrozumiałe publikowanie pośrednich etapów badań. W tym przypadku bardzo dobrą formą zaprezentowania analiz pośrednich jest dwuwymiarowa rejestracja stratygrafii. Aby to ułatwić, wprowadzono pojęcie „architektoniczna jednostka stratygraficzna”. W skład takiej jednostki wchodzą wszystkie elementy architektoniczne – zarówno budulec, jak i inne części budowli. Podstawowym kryterium określania jednej jednostki architektonicznej jest równoczesność powstawania składowych.

Słowa kluczowe:
article
architektura
badania
stratygrafia
rysunek-2d
model

Podgląd pełnego artykułu jest możliwy wyłącznie na większych ekranach.

2022

3(71)

DOI: 10.37190/arc220308

Ewa Łużyniecka*

The use of 2D vector studies as an architectural research stage

in the era of digital spatial models

Introduction

So far, the results of architectural research have been

presented by using two-dimensional drawings. Along with

the advent of digital documentation and measurement

methods, it has become common to analyze architecture

with spatial models. Their use signicantly increased the

information base about the features and context of historic

buildings. Thanks to these methods, we can analyze virtu-

al reality by generating moving three-dimensional images

which either represent real architectural forms or consist of

metrically embedded sets of points [1]. Architecture data

can also be transferred by means of techniques such as

laser scanning, structured light and photogrammetry [2],

[3]. 3D digitization and mapping of monuments is used

for comparisons with historical drawings [4]. The succes-

sively developed Historical Geographic Information Sys-

tem (HGIS) is also becoming more and more helpful [5].

In this context, it is justied to ask the question wheth-

er linear drawings are still needed in architectural research

and whether we should apply results for two-dimensional

foundations. In the article presented, an attempt at nd-

ing the answer to this question was made. The basis for

considerations includes materials from the research which

was conducted in the years 2017–2022. Most of the said

research comprises studies which were carried out by

a team consisting of doctoral students and students of the

Faculty of Architecture of Wrocław University of Science

and Technology (hereinafter: ZWA PWr) under the super-

vision of the author. Drawings of doctoral students at this

university, i.e. Alicja Hoyenski, Franciszek Hackemer and

Luba Smirnowa were also used.

Digitization and preliminary analyses

in architectural research

In all the works on conducting architectural research,

the importance of carrying out preparatory analyses, which

consist in the development of a query of written and icono-

graphic sources and a careful presentation of the state of

knowledge on a given topic, is emphasized. This is becom-

ing increasingly easier thanks to the availability of many

archives and studies which are posted on digital platforms.

However, it is still necessary to remember about materials

which are stored in the form of paper printouts and type-

scripts only. They are very important especially in relation

to non-existent objects. Particular attention should be paid

to the inventory drawings and their correctness should be

assessed. The author’s previous experience shows that the

measurements which were performed by the State Enter-

prise Monuments Conservation Workshops at the PP PKZ

(Przedsiębiorstwo Polskie Pracownie Konserwacji Zabyt-

ków) are most often error-free. The situation is dierent

with the

measurements from the period of the mid-19

century to the mid-20

century. They are usually schematic

and do not

reect the actual state of aairs; however, they

can constitute the starting point for further measurements.

The eect of correctly conducted preliminary analyses

should include, among other things, the selection of ele-

ments of a building, which should be measured, and what

method to use. The choice of method depends on many

factors, including the desired measurement accuracy, the

availability of an object and its formal complexity. It is

equally important to initially determine the range of spa-

tial study, i.e. its 2D, 3D or 4D temporary format.

Before starting the research, as it was mentioned, we

make a list of missing measurements and dene their

scale, adjusting the method of preparation to the intend-

ed eects. In the case of monographic studies of objects

* ORCID: 0000-0001-9664-0720. Faculty of Architecture, Wro-

cław Univer sity of Science and Technology, Poland, e-mail: ewa.lu-

zyniecka@pwr.edu.pl

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

80 Ewa Łużyniecka

ring in a given period, etc. It also repeatedly happens

that in the scan the density of points is insucient and

during drawing we have to use photographs and a eld

visit. There are low-density or incomplete scans as well.

This is usually connected with the low availability of the

developed fragment or the elements which are obscuring

it. It often happens when we conduct wall examinations at

attics and the building material is covered by a roof truss

or shadows formed by it.

Making a selection which scans should be drawn and

with what accuracy can be undoubtedly included in the

research stage. The basis of such a choice is the specic pur-

pose of the works carried out. If we want to show architec-

tural transformations of a building, it is necessary to make

all drawings in which these transformations will be visible.

In the case of a fairly complicated building, which is, for

example, Świdnica Cathedral, in the years 2019–2022 the

following drawings were made: six levels of projections,

six cross and longitudinal sections, views of all faces of the

walls, selected fragments of the building material layout,

all architectural details. Moreover, 3D and 4D visualiza-

tions were developed in the video form. Despite the very

good and rich output material (scans, archival drawings),

photographs were constantly used during drawing and the

drawings were checked in the eld many times, completing

the measurements.

of considerable size and complexity, it is worth assuming

the maximum spatial scope of the study, i.e. 3D and 4D.

The models of St. Elizabeth’s and St. Vincent’s Church

in Wrocław constitute the illustration of this approach

(Figs. 1.1, 1.2). This type of study may also be much

smaller in scope and on a smaller scale – for example,

measurements of the Chapel of the Dead at Wrocław

Cathedral (Fig. 1.3).

Preparing vector studies on the basis of

digital documentation

The described digital layouts of buildings and the abil-

ity to generate various transmitters of information about

buildings have changed the perception of drawing, which

until now was considered an objective transmission of

information. The analysis especially of archival drawings

and the comparison of them with current measurements

have proved that the drawing which is called vector mod-

el today is an interpretation, partly subjective, depending

on the knowledge and graphic preparation of the research-

er and cartoonist (Fig. 2).

Performing a linear image, e.g. a scan, is not an easy

work for people with little experience. It requires not only

the skills of digital drawing, but also knowledge about the

drawn subject – its construction, types of forms occur-

Fig. 1. Examples of measurements of churches in Wrocław: 1 – St. Elisabeth’s, model with drone positions (elaborated by F. Hackemer),

2 – St. James’ and St. Vincent’s, cloud of points in 3D model (elaborated by A. Hoyenski),

3 – Chapel of the Dead at the cathedral, cloud of points and model with texture (elaborated by ZWA PWr)

Il. 1. Przykłady pomiarów kościołów we Wrocławiu:

1 – św. Elżbiety, model z pozycjami drona (oprac. F. Hackemer), 2 – śś. Jakuba i Wincentego, chmura punktów w modelu 3D (oprac. A. Hoyenski),

3 – Kaplica Zmarłych przy katedrze, chmura punktów i model z teksturą (oprac. ZWA PWr)

The use of 2D vector studies as an architectural research stage in the era of digital spatial models 81

Two-dimensional linear analyses

Creating two-dimensional linear layouts is therefore

the rst attempt at systematizing the research problem. It

is also for this purpose that we to determine the architec-

tural stratigraphy, i.e. the system of building layers. These

layers have spatial character and their adequate model is

the layout in 3D or 4D format.

The role of the researcher, however, is not only to

present the nal eect of his/her own analyses, but also

to show the transition stages. The presentation of one’s

own thinking must be readable and consists in removing

unnecessary information and limiting to a clear verbal

and graphic message. In this case, a very good form of

presenting indirect analyses is the two-dimensional reg-

istration of stratigraphy. In order to facilitate this, the

term “architectural stratigraphic unit” (hereinafter ASU)

was introduced. The basis for qualifying various ele-

ments (building material, detail) to one unit is most often

their combination with one bonding material. It should

be added that the condition for determining features of

many layer is the availability of the analyzed architectural

source. The optimal situation is the ability to reach walls

without plasters and well cleaned.

This unit includes all architectural elements – both

the building material and other parts of a building. The

basic criterion for determining one construction unit is the

simultaneous formation of components. Thus, one stra ti -

graphic construction unit will include all building cre -

ations which were formed in the same period. So they

may be made of various materials, they may also have

dierent formal, construction features, etc. A single strati-

graphic unit will be, for example, a stone foundation with

several layers of bricks on it, in which wooden window

frames are inserted. The unit in the minimum dimension

will therefore be, for example, a brick, and in the max-

imum dimension – e.g. the entire building which was

erected simultaneously and was not remodeled.

In discussing this type of unit, the text and graphic part

will be of equal importance. Part of the text study includes

the examples list of features which can be traced during

research (Table 1). It is worth using the same table for

each unit, even if in a specic case most of the columns

remain not lled. A subsequent comparison of units with

a dierent number of features shows how many authentic

elements have survived and what is the size of this build-

ing event.

During analyses of units, it is important to trace the

metric features of entire objects and their elements. The

structure and description of its components are very

important. Forms of supports, vaults, ribs, etc. are later

helpful in dating. The optimal situation is the case when

we have access to all elements, e.g. foundations, walls on

both sides, attics. We can then specify, for example, the

Fig. 2. Vector layouts of the cathedral in Świdnica during the research in the years 2021–2022:

1 – basement projection, 2 – cross-section, 3 – building material of the northern wall, 4 – central western portal,

5 – portal pinnacles (elaborated by ZWA PWr)

Il. 2. Opracowania wektorowe katedry w Świdnicy podczas badań w latach 2021–2022:

1 – rzut przyziemia, 2 – przekrój, 3 – budulec ściany północnej, 4 – środkowy portal zachodni, 5 – sterczyny portalowe (oprac. ZWA PWr)

82 Ewa Łużyniecka

type, layout, dimension, color, texture, technique of the

building material. Details such as arcades, portals, brack-

ets, keystones, socles, friezes, cornices, etc. can be sub-

jected to a similar analysis.

If a construction relic is small, e.g. a fragment of the

foundation discovered during excavations, then the analy-

sis of macro- or microscopic raw materials used to produce

individual elements may be helpful in the establishment

of units. It may be useful to determine the amount of clay,

sand or cement in the cross-sections of the analyzed bricks.

It is equally important to determine whether the brick

was made by hand or industrially by means, for example,

a forming press. The analysis of mortar components, i.e.

grout and framework grains, can also help in determining

units. The distribution of aggregate grains will indicate

the fact of riddling or not riddling the sand added and the

low or high presence of lime clouds in the grout indicates

the quality of the process of its ring and seasoning.

The analysis of the building described above, which

was conducted during vector studies makes it possible to

separate ASU border lines emerging wherever there are

building irregularities (Fig. 3). Therefore, it seems more

readable to apply lines to vector development and resigna-

tion from the undercoat, e.g. photomaps.

By determining the boundaries of units, we will deal

with, among other things, straight lines. Horizontal straight

lines will be usually connected with physical features of

a building, i.e. the principle that a building is erected from

the bottom, starting from the foundations up to the roofs.

There are also exceptions related to remodeling and sub-

sequent functional changes. Vertical lines will be usually

caused by the extension of objects, i.e. the formation of

new elements. Broken lines and curves will often result

from renovations and additions. Drawings of the border

lines should be supplemented with the numbering of archi-

tectural elements which are important for the analysis such

as windows, bricked up openings, or damaged details.

During conservation works connected with the removal

of plasters, border lines are often covered by mortar. They

should be then made more readable by clearing thorough-

ly the building material and the borders between it. In

places where layer systems are blurred by e.g. color merg-

ing, it is worth using the eect of chiaroscuro. During the

research on the abbey in Ląd, which was conducted in the

years 2019–2022, the impediment to the determination of

border lines was the mortar strongly adjacent to the bricks

as well as the scaolding obscuring the view of the build-

ing material. In this case, the use of a drone and photo-

Table 1. ASU characteristics, sample issues (elaborated by E. Łużyniecka)

Tabela 1. Charakterystyka AJS, przykładowa problematyka (oprac. E. Łużyniecka)

AJS 1

METRIC FEATURES CONSTRUCTION - GENERALLY

Building Elements Maximum size Element Type

FOUNDATION WALL

Structure

Building

material

Grout Excavation Structure

Building

material

Grout Plaster/polychrome

ARCADES VAULT

Components Form

Building

material

Profile Coatings Structure

Building

material

Rib profile

GABLE ROOF

Location Form

Building

material

Plaster/polychromy Location Form Truss Coating

SUPPORT PORTAL

Location Components

Building

material

Other features Location Components

Building

material

Other features

WINDOW OTHER/SEDILLA, SACRAMENTARIUM/

Location Components

Building

material

Other features Location Components

Building

material

Other features

SOCLE CAPITAL

Location Components

Building

material

Other features Location Components

Building

material

Other features

CANTILEVER KEYSTONE

Location Components

Building

material

Other features Location Components

Building

material

Other features

FRIEZE CORNICE

Location Components

Building

material

Other features Location Components

Building

material

Other features

The use of 2D vector studies as an architectural research stage in the era of digital spatial models 83

graphs taken at dierent times of the day with dierent

lighting were very helpful.

Determining the border lines of units is the output

guideline of the presentation of individual stratigraphic

units. The boards, in which we place the location of the

unit and images of its features on a smaller scale, consti-

tute an important element of the presentation. The com-

ponents of boards may take the form of parts of photo-

maps (e.g. studies of Saint Jame’s and Vincent Church in

Wrocław) or vector developments (e.g. research of Świd -

nica Cathedral) (Fig. 4).

The order of separating and, as a result, numbering of

stratigraphic units is free. Most often they are connected

with the time of conducting research, if, for example, it is

caused by dividing renovation works, which are planned for

several years, into stages. Then we number units according

Fig. 3. Determining border lines of architectural stratigraphic units during the research on the abbey in Ląd (2019–2022):

1 – southern façade, view from the drone (photo by F. Hackemer),

2 – eastern façade: photogrammetry (elaborated by L. Smirnowa),

3 – eastern façade: clearance of lines in wall changes (photo by E. Łużyniecka),

4 – eastern façade: drawing of the building material (elaborated by ZWA PWr),

5 – eastern façade: vector development with lines and numbering (elaborated by E. Łużyniecka)

Il. 3. Wyznaczanie linii granicznych architektonicznych jednostek stratygraficznych w czasie badań opactwa w Lądzie (2019–2022):

1 – elewacja południowa, widok z drona (fot. F. Hackemer), 2 – elewacja wschodnia: fotogrametria (oprac. L. Smirnowa),

3 – elewacja wschodnia: uczytelnienie granicy przemurowań (fot. E. Łużyniecka),

4 – elewacja wschodnia: rysunek budulca (oprac. ZWA PWr),

5 – elewacja wschodnia: opracowanie wektorowe z liniami i numeracją (oprac. E. Łużyniecka)

Fig. 4. Boards with a graphic illustration of the description of the architectural stratigraphic unit:

1 – fragments of the photomap (elaborated by A. Hoyenski),

2 – vector developments (elaborated by E. Łużyniecka)

Il. 4. Tablice z graficzną ilustracją opisu architektonicznej jednostki stratygraficznej:

1 – wycinki fotomapy (oprac. A. Hoyenski), 2 – opracowania wektorowe (oprac. E. Łużyniecka)

84 Ewa Łużyniecka

to the renovation schedule. When making analyses, it is

preferred to start from the youngest units, i.e. the last re-

pairs from the 20

and 21

centuries as well as from the

-century conservation works. These units are relative-

ly easy to dene due to the available iconographic ma te -

rial – archival measurements and photographs. This order

helps to avoid mistakes in distinguishing authentic ele-

ments from their copies or reconstructions.

The described method was adopted during the research

on the eastern, southern, and northern façades of the abbey

clause building in Ląd. The presented comparison of ar chi -

tectural stratigraphic units was made according to the order

of the analyzed façades. Initially, the youngest units were

separated, later others – nine such units were described in

total. Their graphic performance makes it possible to assess

both the location of construction events and their range,

size or characteristic features (Fig. 5).

The nal part of the architectural analysis of units is to

determine the stratigraphy of the entire object. It is also

the next stage of the interpretation which consists in pre-

senting relations of all units within subsequent parts of

the building in 2D format, e.g. in the eastern façade of the

abbey enclosure building in Ląd (Fig. 6.1).

After developing this type of stratigraphic compari-

sons, we move on to the denition of the main directions

of transformations. They are designated by contractual

cesuras which are understood as breaks in construction

and determined after selecting the most important ASU

border lines. Architectural transformations have long been

connected with the concept of the “construction phase”.

One phase will be understood as a collection of construc-

tion works, as a result of which a fragment of the building

was created functionally and structurally completed, i.e.

ready for use. In determining the order of phases, we use

the knowledge from the preliminary stage as well as his-

torical and stylistic methods.

One phase will include one stratigraphic unit, e.g. in

the southern façade of the enclosure in Ląd, phase VI cor-

responds to ASU 2 unit. However, phase I includes two

ASU 3, 4 units (Fig. 6.2). Thus, we eliminate slight build-

ing interference which did not have any signicant impact

on the transformation of the building.

The last stage of using a stratigraphic unit is connected

with the dating of individual phases. It is worth presenting

them in the projections of building levels. This makes it

possible to show elements which are connected with one

another or attached to each other (Figs. 6.3–6.5). When

determining the duration of individual phases, stylistic

terms can be used (early Gothic, Gothic, Renaissance, Ba -

roque, etc.) or specic time intervals (e.g. the 1

half of

Fig. 5. The list of stratigraphic units during the eastern, southern, and northern façades of the abbey enclosure building in Ląd

(elaborated by E. Łużyniecka)

Il. 5. Zestawienie jednostek stratygraficznych w czasie badań wschodniej, południowej i północnej elewacji budynku klauzury opactwa w Lądzie

(oprac. E. Łużyniecka)

The use of 2D vector studies as an architectural research stage in the era of digital spatial models 85

the 14

century). Sometimes current dating methods do

not allow us to strictly determine the construction time

and an additional division into stages resulting from the

order of appearance of ASU should be applied.

The dating of the rst buildings is usually a real dif-

culty. This situation occurred, for example, in Ląd,

because we had historical mentions and stylistic compari-

sons only [6], [7]. In the eastern house, the dating elements

are the Slavonic and Gothic brick layout and the ogival

form. According to current knowledge, the Slavonic bond

appears in Greater Poland buildings at the end of the 12

century, and Gothic at the earliest in the last quarter of the

century. Therefore, when determining phases I and

II, the specication connected with stages was introduced

(end of the 12

– 3

quarter of the 13

century). The next

Gothic phases were associated with the 1

and 2

half

of the 14

century. Dating the Baroque reconstruction

was easier because it could be connected with the events

which were mentioned in the documents, i.e. the rule of

Opat Antoni Mikołaj Łukomski (1697–1750) and the con-

struction of a new part of the church designed by Pompeo

Ferrari in the years 1728–1736. On the basis of written

and iconographic sources, it was also possible to specify

the duration of renovations, namely those conducted by

the Capuchins in the years 1850–1852 and by the Salesian

Society from 1921 to the 1990s.

Conclusions

The presented analyses, which were carried out during

architectural research and presented in two-dimensional

drawings, can be then showed by means of spatial models

[8]. However, not all detailed information can be placed

in these models so that they are readable. Assuming that

in scientic research the basis for the message should be

a communication skill, it is necessary to state that the

understandable publishing of indirect stages of research

seems fully justied.

Obtaining understandable messages is only one of the

advantages of using two-dimensional drawings. A research-

er who performs drawing works or supervises them, thanks

to the necessity to perform linear drawings, gets to know

the building thoroughly. She/he must see and analyze many

features of architecture in order to draw them schemat-

ically. Thus, the contact time with the researched source

– architecture is extended, which has a positive inuence

on the formulation of research questions.

Another benet of two-dimensional vector develop-

ments is the opportunity for other researchers to verify

in-

terpretations which are presented by the author. It should

be emphasized that the examples presented in the article

constitute an interpretative part of the research only. The

documentary part should be clearly separated and much

Fig. 6. Research on the abbey in Ląd – dependence between the unit, phase, and dating.

Façades: 1 – eastern, 2 – southern.

Projections: 3 – cellars, 4 – ground floor, 5 – first storey (elaborated by E. Łużyniecka)

Il. 6. Badania opactwa w Lądzie – zależność między jednostką, fazą i datowaniem.

Elewacje: 1 – wschodnia, 2 – południowa.

Rzuty: 3 – piwnice, 4 – parter, 5 – piętro (oprac. E. Łużyniecka)

86 Ewa Łużyniecka

more extensive. The richer the documentation material,

the greater the research value.

In our considerations, it is also worth raising the prob-

lem of understanding concepts of architecture and its do -

cumentation. The point is not to use these terms inter-

changeably. Some scientists are aware of this [9], but it is

not common knowledge. Documenting by means of 3D and

4D models constitutes a small part of the research only.

Hence it seems that in architectural research we will

still use two-dimensional linear drawings for some time.

For now, they are irreplaceable also in the design of con-

temporary architecture and constitute the main part of

conceptual and implementation projects. It is possible

that in the future we will provide all information about

planned and historical buildings by means of digital mo -

dels and we will use the achievements of geomatics to

a larger extent than today [10]. The condition for the

eectiveness of such actions, however, will be appropri-

ate content-related preparation of recipients.

Translated by

Bogusław Setkowicz

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Abstract

The use of 2D vector studies as an architectural research stage in the era of digital spatial models

The article tried to prove that in architectural research we will use two-dimensional linear drawings for some time. The considerations were based

on materials from research conducted in 2017–2022. Most of them are studies made under the author’s direction by a team consisting of doctoral

students and students of the Faculty of Architecture of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology.

The summary states that in scientic research the basis of the message should be communicativeness and understandable publication of interme-

diate stages of research. In this case, avery good form of presenting indirect analyses is a two-dimensional recordingof stratigraphy. To facilitate this,

the term “architectural stratigraphic unit” was introduced.

Such a unit includes all architectural elements – both the building material and other parts of the building. The basic criterion for determining one

architectural unit is the simultaneity of the formation of components.

Key words: architecture, research, stratigraphy, 2D drawing, model

Streszczenie

Wykorzystanie opracowań wektorowych 2D jako etap badań architektonicznych w dobie cyfrowych modeli przestrzennych

W artykule starano się udowodnić, że w badaniach architektonicznych jeszcze przez pewien czas będziemy wykorzystywać dwuwymiarowe

rysunki linearne. Podstawą rozważań były materiały z badań prowadzonych w latach 2017–2022. Większość z nich to opracowania wykonane pod

kierunkiem autorki przez zespół złożony z doktorantów i studentów Wydziału Architektury Politechniki Wrocławskiej.

W podsumowaniu stwierdzono, że w badaniach naukowych podstawą przekazu powinna być komunikatywność i zrozumiałe publikowanie

pośrednich etapów badań. W tym przypadku bardzo dobrą formą zaprezentowania analiz pośrednich jest dwuwymiarowa rejestracja stratygrai.

Aby to ułatwić, wprowadzono pojęcie „architektoniczna jednostka stratygraczna”. W skład takiej jednostki wchodzą wszystkie elementy architek-

toniczne – zarówno budulec, jak i inne części budowli. Podstawowym kryterium określania jednej jednostki architektonicznej jest równoczesność

powstawania składowych.

Słowa kluczowe: architektura, badania, stratygraa, rysunek 2D, model