Budynki przy ul. Franciszkańskiej 14 i Fosa Staromiejska 24 w Toruniu w świetle badań architektonicznych i kwerend źródłowych

Joanna Kucharzewska

doi:10.37190/arc220409

Streszczenie

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań architektonicznych przeprowadzonych na poziomie piwnic przy ul. Franciszkańskiej 14 i Fosa Staromiejska 24 w Toruniu, uzupełnione o kwerendy źródłowe dotyczące zarówno piwnic, jak i części naziemnych. Celem badań architektonicznych było ustalenie kolejnych etapów budowlanych zachodzących na omawianych działkach od średniowiecza do początków XX w. Istotną kwestią było rozpoznanie zawartości najstarszej substancji zabytkowej pochodzącej z okresu średniowiecznego oraz momentu scalenia funkcjonalno-przestrzennego przeciwległych działek. Będąca tematem pracy działka znajduje się w północnej części Starego Miasta Torunia, w obrębie trójkątnego bloku zabudowy, którego zarys determinowany był przez przebieg północno-wschodniego odcinka murów miejskich. Obecnie na dwóch przeciwległych parcelach znajduje się kamienica, która ostateczny kształt uzyskała na początku XX w. W trakcie badań stwierdzono, że najstarsze gotyckie fragmenty znajdują się w części południowej (od strony ul. Franciszkańskiej). W drugim etapie gotyckim podpiwniczono część północną (od strony Fosy Staromiejskiej), wykorzystując kamienne fundamenty założone dla wcześniejszej budowli. W okresie nowożytnym te dwie, do tej pory funkcjonujące niezależnie, części połączyła oficyna boczna. W XVIII w. na działce od strony ul. Franciszkańskiej znajdował się 2-piętrowy, murowany spichlerz, a od strony Fosy Staromiejskiej wozownia o konstrukcji szkieletowej. Obydwa budynki spłonęły na początku XIX w. W połowie XIX w. powstał duży, obejmujący obie działki, 5-kondygnacyjny spichlerz, który założono na średniowiecznych i nowożytnych piwnicach. Ostateczna zmiana zabudowy nastąpiła w 1906 r., kiedy po rozbiórce spichlerza wybudowano dwie kamienice ze wspólnym traktem środkowym wypełnionym klatką schodową i wewnętrznym podwórkiem. Badania architektoniczne wraz z materiałem źródłowym stanowiły skuteczne narzędzie do rekonstrukcji poszczególnych etapów budowy i poszerzenia wiedzy na temat form zabudowy przymurnego fragmentu Starego Miasta w Toruniu.

Podgląd pełnego artykułu jest możliwy wyłącznie na większych ekranach.

2022

4(72)

Joanna Kucharzewska*

Buildings at 14 Franciszkańska Street and 24 Fosa Staromiejska Street

in Toruń in the light of architectural research and source queries

Introduction

The article presents results of architectural research

carried out at a basement level of a tenement house at 14

FranciszkańskaStreetand24FosaStaromiejskaStreetin

Toruń.Theresearchwasalsosupplementedwithsource

studies concerning both the cellars and the above-ground

parts.Currently,onthisplotthereisabigtenementho-

use,whichwasbuiltin1906(Figs.1,2).However,dueto

specicdevelopmentofthecityofToruń,itwasexpected

that it might have covered earlier relics. Therefore, the

aim of our architectural research was to gain knowled-

ge of the subsequent construction stages taking place on

the plots from the medieval times to the beginning of the

century.Itwassignicanttoestablishthepresenceof

the oldest historic substance from the medieval period and

thepoint intime where twoopposite plotsbecame one

unitintermsofthefunctionalandspatiallayout.

Thereasonforconductingtheresearchwasthefactthat

both – the plots of land mentioned herein and the buildings

–havenotbeenstudiedorthoroughlyanalyzedinterms

ofchronologyandconstructionchanges,evenonthebasis

ofsourcematerials.Thelocationoftheplots–bythecity

wall(currentlyoutlinedonlyonthepavementofFosaSta-

romiejskaStr.)seemedinterestingduetocertainfreede-

velopment resulting from the economic conditions of this

areaofthecity.Moreover,asasidetopicoftheresearch,

aquestionarosewhetherthedecisionmadebythecityau-

thoritiesattheendofthe19

centurytodemolishthecity

wallsandopen thecitytowardsthedevelopingsuburbs

hadanyimpactonthemodicationsoftheplots.Thus,

theaimoftheresearchwastodetermineconstructional

stagesonbothplots.Dicultiesandlimitationsresulting

DOI: 10.37190/arc220409

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

ORCID:0000-0002-4560-5658.FacultyofFineArts,NicolausCo-

pernicusUniversity,Toruń,Poland,e-mail:jkuch@umk.pl

Fig.1.Toruń,24FosaStaromiejskaStreet–northernfaçade

(photobyJ.Kucharzewska,2022)

Il.1.Toruń,ul.FosaStaromiejska24–widoknaelewacjępółnocną

(fot.J.Kucharzewska,2022)

92 JoannaKucharzewska

fromthefactthatthesewere basements thatwereavai-

lableforarchitecturalresearchwerenaturallytakeninto

consideration.However,afterperformingthepreliminary

archivalquery,itwasdecidedthatitwasworthtakingthe

risk,eveniftheeldofinsituresearchislimitedtoone

storeysinceinformationaboutgroundstoreychangeswas

quitemeticulouslynotedbythePrussianadministrationin

the19

century.

State of research and methodology

The above mentioned objects have not received any

scienticstudysofar.Thebasisforestablishingchanges

inbuildingswasarchitecturalinsituresearch[1]andar-

chivalwritten,iconographicandcartographicrecordscol-

lectedintheStateArchivesinToruń.Theseweremainly

two volumes constructionles [2],[3] andone volume

landrecords[4]fromthelate18

centuryto1945.The

researchmethodsandtechniqueswereselectedduringthe

eldresearchandalsointhecourseofwritingthisarti-

cle,whichallowedfortheanalysisanddeterminationof

conclusions.Theselectionofmethodswasdeterminedby

aninterdisciplinaryapproachtotheproblem,whichcom-

binesthehumanities(history,arthistory,historicstudies

and conservation), technical science (materials science)

andart(conservationofworksofart).Thestartingpoint

forwritingthisarticlewasthemethodofanalyzingand

criticizing literature sources. Valuable information was

obtainedfromthestudiesofthehistorians:KrzysztofMi-

kulski[5],StanisławBobiński [6],TomaszJasiński [7],

[8] and Janusz Tandecki [9]. They made it possible to

createahistoricalandurbanbackgroundaswellaspres-

enttheroleandfunctionofwalledplotsincludedinthe

city at certainstages ofits development.Historical and

interpretative method allowed for the proper collection

and analysis of the above mentioned source material,

whichwasparticularly important duetotheinability to

conductarchitecturalresearchontheupperstoreyofthe

tenementhouse.Thisknowledgewasthestartingpointfor

eldresearchwithinthebasement;technicalandmaterial

studies,duringwhichtherewereanalyzedtypesofbricks

and joints, pattern of themes and their disturbances, all

kindsofbrickwork,cracks,seams,theconditionofindi-

vidual brick andstone fragments,etc.The resultof the

theseworksisthisarticletogetherwithillustrativemateri-

althatallowsustoauthenticatetheresearchconclusions,

presented as the history of the development of plots in

chronologicalterms.

Historical and urban background

TheplotlimitedbyFranciszkańskaandFosaStaromiej-

skaStreetsislocatedinthenorthernpartoftheOldTown

ofToruń,withinatriangularblockofbuildings,theshape

ofwhichwasdeterminedbythenorth-easternsectionof

thecitywalls(Fig.3).ThersturbanstructureofToruń

– with city rights granted in 1233

and translocated in

1236–did not yetcomprisetheabove-mentioned frag-

ment

.Itwasincludedintheurbanstructureonlyatthe

stageofcityexpansion[10,pp.47–84],whichtookplace

after1252[5].Itisassumedthattheprocessofthisenlar-

gementcouldnotexceed1259,whenGerhardvonHirz-

berg,thePrussianvice-master,consentedtotheerection

ofamarkethouse(domusforensis)onthemarketsquare

whichhadjustbeenmarkedout[5,p.152].Probablyat

the same time the northern block near the market square

wasdividedintolongplotsreachinguptothelineofFran-

ciszkańskaStreet.Thisarrangementallowedtheowners

to diversify the functions of the buildings – residential

buildingswereerectedfromtherepresentativesideofthe

MarketSquare,while attheotherendofthe plot,there

wereutilityandstoragebuildings.Thistypeofdivision

determined the economic character of the entire Fran-

ciszkańska Street, which obtained its nal shape after

itwas freedforthe developmentofthe northern block,

reachingtherouterunningalong the defensive walls.It

became possible after removing the wooden and earth

forticationsthattemporarilyprotectedtheinteriorofthe

enlargedcityfromthenorth[6,pp.67–73]andthecon-

 According to German researcher, the document was issued in

December1232[10].

 Therstmerchantsettlementstartedaround1231intheareaof

avillagenowcalledStaryToruńandlocatedabout10kmeastofthecity.

Onlyitstransferin1236totheareaoftoday’sOldTowncanberegarded

asthebeginningoftheformationoftheproperurbanlayout.

Fig.2.Toruń,14FranciszkańskaStreet

–southernfaçade

(photobyJ.Kucharzewska,2022)

Il.2.Toruń,ul.Franciszkańska14

–widoknaelewacjępołudniową

(fot.J.Kucharzewska,2022)

 Buildingsat14FranciszkańskaStreetand24FosaStaromiejskaStreetinToruń 93

structionoftherstpermanentcircuitofbrickcitywalls

inaround1262[7].

Eventually,theprocessofshapingtheurbanspacetook

placebeforetheendofthe13

century,andthisisthepe-

riodwhentherstbuildingswereimplementedinthearea

inquestion–i.e.withintheblockbetweenFranciszkańska

StreetandFosaStaromiejskaStreet.Byanalogywithoth-

erstreets,itcanbeassumedthattherstbuildingswere

madeofwood,andtheconstructionofbrickbuildingsbe-

ganonlyaftertheendofthesocio-economiccrisislasting

almost the entire 1

half of the 14

century[9,p.184].

Thenameoftoday’sFranciszkańskaStreet(German:

Beckergasse,English:BakerStreet)suggeststhatbakers

usedtosettlethere[5,p.323].Productionprobablytook

placehere aswell,until thebakerieswere forbiddento

operatewithinthecitywalls.Thebakeryindustryisin-

directlyrelatedtothehorsemill erected in1411onthe

western edge of the northern block, separated from the

restoftheblockbyanarrowstreetrunningfromthetrack

bythewalls,alongtheFranciscanmonasteryplot,upto

theMarketSquare[8,p.40].Thesouthernsectionofthis

streetwastransformedintoherringbenchesbefore1435,

liquidatedandbuilt-upin1594byGeorgMarx[5,p.36].

In the 15

 century, at Beckergasse (currently Francisz-

kańskaStr.),thereweresevenfull-valueplots,foursheds,

twomalthouses,aswellastheaforementionedhorsemill

andawayoutfromherringbenches[5,p.323].Thechar-

acterofthestreetwaswell-establishedanddidnotchange

signicantlyinthemodernperiod.AccordingtoMikulski,

inthe17

centurytherewereonlythreeresidentialhouses

atthestreet.Theremainingplotswereoccupiedbyone

shed, fourcrossings, ve malt houses, one granary and

ahorsemill.Inthe18

century,thebuildingsonthestreet

wereenrichedwithonlyonetenementhouse[5].

Thereisverylittleinformationaboutthecharacterofthe

buildingsattoday’sFosaStaromiejskaStreet,whichinthe

centuryhadanamereferringtothepointedarticulation

ofthegroundoorofthedefensivewalls–CensusdeSwe-

bogen[8,p.38].Similarlytootherwalledstreets,itshould

beassumedthatutilityandstoragebuildingsdominatedhere

andthatcharacterwasmaintaineduntilthe19

century.

Detailedinformationonthestagesofdevelopmentof

the plotat 14 Franciszkańska Street and 24 FosaStaro-

miejskaStreetresultedfromthearchitecturalresearchcar-

riedoutwithinthecellars.Unfortunately,itwasnotpos-

sibletocontinuetheresearchontheabove-groundoors

duetothepermanentresidenceofthetenantsandthevery

goodconditionoftheroomsafterrenovationworks.How-

ever,informationonthestateofthecurrentover-ground

constructionwasobtainedfromsourcematerials(written

andiconographic).Itwas animportantsupplementtoin

situresearch,especiallyintheeldofchangestakingplace

inthe19

andearly20

century.

Medieval period

The rst inspectionof thebasement wallsconrmed

thepresenceofmedievalrelics,butwithaclearquanti-

tative dierentiation in individual parts of the rooms

(markedinredinFig.4).MostoftheGothicwallswere

noticeableinthesouthernpart(i.e.fromthesideofFran-

ciszkańskaStreet), theywere fragmentarilyobserved in

thenorthernpart(i.e.fromFosaStaromiejskaStreet)and

almostnonexistentinthecentralpart.Therefore,rstit

isworthdiscussingtheresultsoftheresearchconducted

in thesouthern part (from Franciszkańska Street). Here

theWendishbrickworkwasfoundontheperimeterwalls

andonthecentrallongitudinalwall(Fig.4.1)separating

tworooms–easternandwestern.Itshomogeneousstruc-

ture(withpassagesre-hammeredinthelaterperiod)sug-

geststheexistenceoftwoindependentbuildingserected

onrectangularprojectionsintherstconstructionstage.

Duetothelackoftracesoftheoutworkedholes,itshould

beassumedthatthesepartswerenotcommunicatedwith

eachother.Theelementsofthestructurethatsurviveinthe

perimeterwallsalsosuggestthatbothpartshadseparate

architecturalforms.Intherstphase,datingbacktothe

mid-14

century,thebasementroomsweresingle-space,

withtheeasternperimeterwalloftheeasternpartadded

tothealreadyexistingwalloftheneighboringplot,built

ofeldstones(Fig.4.2).

The western room was connected to the street level

byacellarcorridorwithahighopening,locatedonthe

westernedgeofthesouthernwall(Fig.4.3).Thecorri-

dorplayeditsroleuntilthemid-19

century,whenawide

doorwaywasintroducedonitsaxis,onthegroundoor.It

wasfunctionallyadaptedtothegranary,whoseconstruc-

tionwastheninprogress(1856).Thenthecellarcorridor

wasbrickedup.Intheeasternpart–duetothe19

cen-

turyreconstructions–norelicswerefoundthatcouldbe

clearlyinterpretedasananalogouselement.

Inthewesternpart,alongthewesternperimeterwall,

arecesswasdeveloped,whichintheearlymodernperiod

receivedanewclosureconnectedwiththevault(Fig.4.4).

In1856–duringtheconstructionofthe19

-centurygra-

nary–therecesswaswalledup,andwhenthetenement

housewaserected(1906), a transverse wallwasplaced

perpendicularlyinthisplace(Fig.5a).

Fig.3.Contemporaryplanof

Toruńwiththe14FranciszkańskaStreet/

24FosaStaromiejskaStreetbuildingmarked

(source:https://geoportal360.pl)

Il.3.WspółczesnamapaToruniazzaznaczonąkamienicą

przyul.Franciszkańskiej14/FosaStaromiejska24

(źródło:https://geoportal360.pl)

94 JoannaKucharzewska

There is no indication that the front buildings at the

basementlevelwereconnectedtothebackyardbuildings.

Thestonewallexposedinthepresentcorridorhasanir-

regular,curvilinearface,whichindicatesthatitistheout-

ersideoftheneighboringwall(Fig.4.2).

Thestructureoftheperimeterwallsbelowthepresent

tenementhousefromthesideofFosaStaromiejskaStreet

suggeststhatintherststageofdevelopment,theseparts

didnothaveabasementatall.Largestonesandboulders

usedtobuildtheperimeterofthewallsinsomeplacesare

onlypresentintheupperzoneofthewalls.Thelowerpart

intheseplacesismadeofmedievalbrickwitharegular

layoutand supportsaslightly overhungstonepart.The

stonefaceisveryirregular,andthepersistenttetheringof

thenorth-westcornerconsistsofrandomlylayeredboul-

dersofvarioussizesanddepths(Fig.4.10).Allthisproves

thatthestonepartswereoriginallyonlyfoundations,and

didnotcreatetheperimeterwallsofthebasement.Their-

regularity,randomnessofthelayoutandthedimensionsof

the building material make it possible to assume that this

partwasfoundedbyllingtheearthditcheswithstones

thrownfromaboveandooded with mortar.Above the

stonepart,abrickosetwasbuilttosupporttheground

oorandnotsomuchthebasementceiling.

Itwasonlyduringthenextstagethatthebasementwas

addedtothebuildingsbyremovingthesoiltoanappro-

priatedepth,exceedingtherangeofthestonefoundation,

which required supporting the existing elements with

brick underpinnings (Fig. 4.11). Full recognition of the

Duringthearchitecturalresearch,anattemptwasmade

to nd original articulation of the walls in the eastern

basement. However,no seam that might have indicated

thatwasfound.Therecessespresentontheeasternwall

were built secondarily (Fig. 4.5). The arches that close

them are based on the posts separated from the face of the

Wendishwallbyadistinctverticalseam,andtheedges

oftheWendishpartshowsignsofhammering.Thestone

base of the recesses highlights the structure of the neigh-

boringfoundationwall.

Ontheeasternwallinquestion,justbehindtherecessin

thepresentbackbay,thereisatraceofatetheringbetween

thetransversewall(Fig.4.6).Thismayindicatethatthere

wasashallow backpassageintheeasternbuilding, but

thishypothesisishinderedbythelackofasimilartrace

onthe opposite side,where the passagewashammered

andthenwalledup(Fig.4.7).Anotherhypothesisassumes

thatitcouldhavebeenawallofasmallroom(hypocaus-

tum?),butagain,thisthesiscannotbeconrmeddueto

thedemolitionofthebackwallintheeasternsectionofthe

tenementhouse.Only archaeological research canprove

eitherofthesetwohypotheses.

The depth of the medieval frontage buildings at Fran-

ciszkańskaStreet is markedbya relic ofthetransverse

wall,whichisthebasisoftherearfaçadesandhasbeen

preserved in the western basement, at a slight distance

fromthepresentwalloftherearfaçade(Fig.4.8).Onthe

lineoftherelic,alongtheeasternstonewall,thereisalso

atraceofafaçadewalltethering(Fig.4.9).

Fig.4.Toruń,14FranciszkańskaStreet/24FosaStaromiejskaStreet.Chronologicalstratificationofcellars(elaboratedbyJ.Kucharzewska,2022)

Il.4.Toruń,ul.Franciszkańska14/FosaStaromiejska24.Rozwarstwieniachronologicznepiwnic(oprac.J.Kucharzewska,2022)

CELLAR LAYOUT

-1/22

FRANCISZKAŃSKA 14 / FOSA STAROMIEJSKA 24

14 Franciszkańska street/

24 Fosa staromiejska street

 Buildingsat14FranciszkańskaStreetand24FosaStaromiejskaStreetinToruń 95

buildingsat14FranciszkańskaStreet/24FosaStaromiej-

skaStreetdatebacktotheyear1703,whentheplotwas

ownedbybrewerJohannFriedrichLanghammers,andin

itssouthernendtherewasamalthouse[11].Attheend

ofthe18

century,onlyagranaryismentioned.Welearn

slightlymoreaboutthebuildingsontheplotinquestion

fromtheSpecialTaxfromtheyears1807–1815,i.e.the

times of the Napoleonic campaign. Inthe year1807, as

aresultoftheexplosionofgunpowderstoredonthebar-

geandthepieroftheVistulariverbank,causedbyFrench

soldiersresidinginthecity,manyToruńtenementhouses

weredamaged.Furtherdestructiontookplaceduringthe

retreatoftheNapoleonicarmy.Paradoxically,thematerial

lossesincurredbythecity,meticulouslynotedintheSpe-

cialTax,aretodayanexcellentsourceofknowledgeabout

theconditionofbuildingsfromthebeginningofthe19

century.According to the aforementioned Tax Records,

damagealsotookplaceonpropertyno.314(Franciszkań-

ska14/FosaStaromiejska24),whichatthattimebelon-

gedtogingerbreadmakerJohannF.Wentscher[4].Both

the2-storeybrickgranaryonthesideofFranciszkańska

constructiontechniqueandthevalidityoftheabove-men-

tionedhypothesisishardtoachieveduetocurrentraising

ofthebasementoorlevelcoveringthelowerpartsofthe

medievalwalls.

The depth of the buildings in this part of the plot is

determinedbytheinteriorofthedemolishedstonewall,

whichformed thebasis of theearlier rear façades.It is

exposedontheeasternandwesternperimeterwallsofthe

presentbacktrack(Fig.4.12). It seemsthatalsoonthe

sideofFosaStaromiejskaStreettherewasadivisioninto

two independent, unconnected eastern and western cel-

lars,inaccordancewiththemedievalparceling(Fig.5b).

Theaforementionedresearchshowsthatinthemedi-

evaltimestwoindependentcellarsrstappearedonthe

sideofFranciszkańskaStreet.Ifthereexistedsomeother

buildingsontheplots,theydidnothaveanybasements.

Itwasonlyinthesecondmedievalstagethatabasement

wasmadefromthesideofFosaStaromiejskaStreet.The

centralpart–probablythecourtyard–hadnobasement.

Modern period

Intheearlymodernperiod(ingreeninFig.4)theplots

weremergedwhichwasassociatedwiththetransformation

ofthecellarsandprobablywiththechangeofthebuilding

layoutoftheabove-groundparts.Cellarsfromthesideof

FranciszkańskaStreetwerecoveredwithtwoparallelbarrel

vaults.Theseparts,whichhadbeenisolateduntilthen,were

connectedbyintroducingaforginginthelongitudinalwall,

madeinthepresentbackpassagebyremovingthebottom

oftheexistingrecessandwideningitslight(Fig.4.7).This

changewascarriedoutsimultaneouslywiththeconstruction

ofthevaults,asevidencedbythevaultlunettedeveloped

abovetheopening,adjustedtothewidthoftheforging.

Atthesametime,abasementwasimplementedinthe

central-westernpart(Fig.4.13),abovewhichasideout-

buildingwaserected,whichsurviveduntil1856.Thenew

basementwascoveredwithabarrelvaultbasedonlonger

sidewalls,thewesternofwhichhasentirelysurviveduntil

now(Fig.4.14).Theeasternonehassurvivedonlyfrag-

mentarilyasasectionsupportingthevaultinthecentral

partofthebasement(Fig.4.15),thefoundation(Fig.4.16)

andapostwhosefrontisexposedinthefaceofthewall

from1906(Fig.4.17).

Byintroducingasideoutbuilding,thebuildingslocat-

edontwooppositeedgesoftheplotwereconnectedwith

eachother.Atthe basement level, thestonewallofthe

rear façade of the building at Fosa Staromiejska Street

waspartiallydismantled.Thisisevidencedbythefounda-

tionofthelowerpartofthedemolishedstonewallwhich

presentscertainmodernfeatures(Fig.4.18).

Thearchitecturalresearchofthecellarsshowsthatinthe

earlymodernperiod,narrowadjacentplotsweremerged,

andalsoconnectedbyanoutbuildingfromthesideofFran-

ciszkańskaStreetandFosaStaromiejskaStreet(Fig.5c).

Years 1700–1856

Theearliestarchivalconstructiondatathatwecurrently

haveatourdisposal,concerningtheexaminedcomplexof

reconstruction of the cellar layout in the Gothic

first phase

second phase

third phase

reconstruction of the cellar layout in the Gothic

reconstruction of the cellar layout in modern period

Fig.5.Toruń,14FranciszkańskaStreet/24FosaStaromiejskaStreet.

ReconstructionofthecellarlayoutintheGothicandmodernperiods

(elaboratedbyJ.Kucharzewska,2022)

Il.5.Toruń,ul.Franciszkańska14/FosaStaromiejska24.

Rekonstrukcjaukładupiwnicwokresiegotyckiminowożytnym

(oprac.J.Kucharzewska,2022)

96 JoannaKucharzewska

Theexistenceofthisnew cellar corridorofthegranary

isconrmedbythepreserveddesigns–boththeground

oorplanwith visiblestairsandtheviewof thefaçade

withaschematicallydrawncasingoftheentrancetothe

basement.The building was completelysubordinatedto

thefunctionofawarehouse.Onthegroundoor,onthe

westside,therewasapassage,andstairsconnectingall

oorswerelocatedparalleltotheshorterfaçades.Thus,

theentireusableareaoneachoorwaspreparedforthe

storageofvarioustypesofmaterials.

FormerchantLeiser,itwasoneofmanyinvestments

inToruń.In1887,thegranarywastakenoverbyabranch

oftheWeimarBankinBerlin,probablyasaresultofan

unpaidmortgage.

Granary modifications (1897)

In1896,theindebtedproperty,mortgagedintheamount

of Mk 11,500, was purchased by another well-known

merchantSimonSilberstein–aproducerofvinegarand

mustard. A year later (1897) he started to change the

groundoorandthefaçadeonthesideofFranciszkań-

skaStreet.Onthegroundoor,aworkshopandashop

wereseparatedwithwoodenwalls.Heresignedfromthe

passageonthegroundoorandintroducedadoorwayto

the shop as well as two windows in this very place. In

turn,hewidenedtheexistingdoorandtransformeditinto

agate.Hechangedthelocationofthestairsbymoving

themtotheeasternwall.Thischangewasconrmedby

architectural research at the basement level. Due to the

constructionofthestairs,afragmentoftheearlymodern

vaultwasdemolished,andthereaatvaultwasimple-

mentedabove.Theeasternperimeterwall,whichwasthe

baseofthevault,waspartlyrebuiltafterthemantleofthe

earlymodernvaultwasdemolished(Fig.4.21). In1899,

abrickchimneydesignbyL.Bocktobuildwasagreedin

connectionwiththeplacementofamustardgrindinggas

engineintheattic[12,p.12].

The appearance of the granary in 1897 is quite well

known as there exist photographs showing the former

Grabenstrasse(currentlyFosaStaromiejskaStreet)incon-

nectionwith documenting medievalsections of thecity

walls with towers,which weregradually demolished in

accordancewiththeconceptofopeningthecitytowards

the suburbs and development of the areas of the former

modernembankments.Thisprocessiswellillustratedby

aphotographfromaround1904.Inthephotowecansee

theconstructionworkattheMunicipalTheatre.Thegra-

naryatGrabenstrassewascapturedinthepicturebeforeit

wasconvertedintoatenementhouse(Fig.7).

Construction of tenement houses (1906)

In1906,buildingentrepreneurRobertThoberbecame

thenewownerofthegranary.InMarch1906,therewas

an application submitted for a permit to convert the gra-

naryintotwotenementhouses inasimpliedArtNou-

veaustylewithaninneryardandacommonstaircase[3,

pp.58–64].Thefaçadesofthetenementhousespresent-

edinthedesignswere4-axialand5-storeyhigh(Fig.8).

Street(German:Klosterstrasse),aswellasatimberframe

coachhousewithbrickllinglocatedonthesideofthe

FosaStaromiejska Street (German:Grabenstrasse)were

burntdown.Theburntareawascleanedup,andthelosses

wereestimatedat214Prussianthalers.

Thedatafrom1818makeitpossibletoconcludethat

fromthesideofFranciszkańskaStreet,agranarywaserec-

tedagain–halfmadeofbrick(perhapstheoldgranary

waspartiallypreserved).Anoutbuildingadjoinedit.From

thesideofthewalls,i.e.atthebackoftheplot,therewas

anothersmallergranary.Withintheplottherewasanun-

developedyardandanexittothestreet.OnJuly14,1856,

thegingerbreadmakerJuliusWentschersoldtheproperty

withthemortgagenumberAltstadtThornNo.314tomer-

chantNathanLeiser.

Construction of a 19

-century granary (1856)

The new owner, Nathan Leiser, immediately started

– as statedin thedocuments –the reconstruction(Ger-

man:Umbau)ofthegranary[3].Infact,thechangeswere

thoroughandtheyconcernedtheentirelengthoftheplot

fromFranciszkańskaStreettoFosaStaromiejskaStreet.

Such a large investment testied to the wealth of the

owner.The census carriedout in 1856,i.e. in thesame

yearwhenthegranarywasbuilt,included131namesof

therichestinhabitantsofToruń,whoseannualincomeex-

ceededonethousandthalers.NathanLeiserwasalsoon

thislistwithanincomeof2,500thalers[12,p.287].Itis

worthstatingthatatthattimetenementhousesintheOld

Townreachedpricesof2,500to4,000thalers[12,p.387].

In1864,NathanLeiserwaselectedChairmanoftheToruń

Jewishcommunity.

GranaryatFranciszkańskaStreetwasbuiltonatrape-

zoidal plan, narrowing towards the north, and had ve

oors(Fig.6).Theperimeterwallsweremadeofbrick

andbasedonthesolidperimeterwallsofthecellars.The

beamceilings,arrangedparalleltothefaçade,weresup-

ported by a girder running in the middle, supported by

5postswithbrackets.Thisarrangementwasrepeatedon

eachoor.Fromthepointofviewoftheconstructionof

thenewfacility,itwasimportanttopreservethelongitu-

dinalwallrunninginthemiddleofthebasement–both

its medieval section (Fig. 4.1) and its modern section

(Fig.4.15–4.17).Itwasherewherethebasesoftheframe

structurepillarsoftheabove-groundstoreywereplaced.

Perhapsitwasbecauseofthereinforcementofthestruc-

turalwallof thebasementthatthemoderncommunica-

tionopeningwasbrickedup(Fig.4.7)andreplacedwith

amuchsmalleroneinthefrontpassage(Fig.4.19).Itwas

introducedbyforgingtheWendishwallandabitsmaller

onetheintradosofthevaultfromthewest.Inthefaçade

wallfromFranciszkańskaStreet,theopeningsweretrans-

formed.The cellar corridor in the western part was re-

moved(Fig.4.3)andreplacedwithanenlargedopening

atthesouth-westerncornerintheeasternpart(Fig.4.20).

The enlargement of the opening forced the partial demo-

litionofapartoftheearlymodernvaultandtheintroduc-

tionofamuchhigher,relativelyatarchrestingonagirt

perpendiculartothefaçade(Fig.4–bluedashedlines).

 Buildingsat14FranciszkańskaStreetand24FosaStaromiejskaStreetinToruń 97

Fig.6.Toruń,14FranciszkańskaStreet/24FosaStaromiejskaStreet.Granarydesignfrom1856:

a)planofthegroundfloor,b)planoftheupperfloorsandattic,

c)longitudinalsection(source:StateArchivesinToruń,FilesoftheCityofToruń,sign.G742,k.1)

Il.6.Toruń,ul.Franciszkańska14/FosaStaromiejska24.Projektspichlerzaz1856r.:

a)rzutparteru,b)rzutwyższychkondygnacjiipoddasza,

c)przekrójpodłużny(źródło:ArchiwumPaństwowewToruniu,AktamiastaTorunia,sygn.G742,k.1)

a b

98 JoannaKucharzewska

Fig.7.Archivalphotographfromaround1904presentingworks

ontheconstructionoftheMunicipalTheatre.

Inthebackgroundagranaryat24FosaStaromiejskaStreet

before conversion into a tenement house

(source:StateCopernicanLibraryinToruń,[13])

Il.7.Fotografiaarchiwalnazokoło1904r.

prezentującapraceprzybudowieTeatruMiejskiego.

Wtlewidocznyspichlerzprzyul.FosaStaromiejska24

przedprzebudowąnakamienicę

(źródło:KsiążnicaMiejskaim.M.KopernikawToruniu,[13])

The ground oor – both on the side of Franciszkańska

StreetandFosaStaromiejska Street wasdecoratedwith

a bossage, whereas the upper oors were covered with

smooth plaster. The two central axes were extended in

theformofanatticroomandankedbydormers.From

thesideofFosaStaromiejskaStreet,thebalconieswere

placed on the 1

,2

and3

oors,coveringthetwocen-

tralaxes.Therewasashopwindowonthegroundoor.

The nal formal arrangement of both façades diered

fromtheoriginaldesignandwastheresultofmodica-

tionsintroducedbyThoberinJune1906.Inthefaçadeon

thesideofFranciszkańskaStreet,onlythedormers,closed

withtriangulargables,changedtheshape.Thefaçadeon

thesideofFosaStaromiejskaStreetreceivedanewclas-

siciststylization(Fig.9).Onthe5

oor,theoriginally

designedatticroomanddormerwindowswereabandoned

infavorofaraisedmansard.Flutedpilasterswereused

between the windows, and the entire construction was

toppedwithabalustradewithapseudo-atticandobelisks.

Theexactlayoutoftheroomsoneachoorispresentedin

Thober’sdesigns(Fig.10).Oneachoorthereweretwo

independent apartmentsseparated by acentral route, in

whichtherewasayardandastaircase.

Fig.8.Toruń,14FranciszkańskaStreet/24FosaStaromiejskaStreet.Designofrebuildingthegranaryintoatenementhousefrom1906

(owner:RobertThober):a)viewofthenorthern(fromFosaStaromiejska)façade,b)viewofthesouthern(fromFranciszkańska)façade

(source:StateArchivesinToruń,FilesoftheCityofToruń,sign.G742,k.59)

Il.8.Toruń,ul.Franciszkańska14/FosaStaromiejska24.Projektprzebudowyspichlerzanakamienicęz1906r.(właścicielRobertThober):

a)widokelewacjipółnocnej(odul.FosaStaromiejska),b)widokelewacjipołudniowej(odul.Franciszkańskiej)

(źródło:ArchiwumPaństwowewToruniu,AktamiastaTorunia,sygn.G742,k.58–64)

a b

 Buildingsat14FranciszkańskaStreetand24FosaStaromiejskaStreetinToruń 99

Changesinthebasementareawereconrmedbyar-

chitecturalresearch(Fig.4markedinpurple).Firstofall,

itwasonly duringthisreconstructionthatthebasement

wasaddedtoeasterncentralpart.Therewasadesigned

corridor in there with a staircase leading to the ground

oor.Thewayofclosingthebasementroomsintheentire

northernpart(fromthesideofFosaStaromiejskaStreet)

waschanged.Eventually,thebackstonewallofthecellar

wasdemolished,aswellasafragmentofthelongitudinal

earlymodern wall adjoiningit.Thus, a newline of the

rearfaçadeof thenortherntenementhousewasmarked

out, and it was signicantly shifted towards the south.

Becauseofthat,inthetenementhousefromthesideof

FosaStaromiejskaStreet,itwaspossibletodesignatetwo

routes,whichwereclosedwithsegmentalvaultsonsteel

beams–inthefrontrouteparalleltothefaçade,intherear

–perpendicularly. Implementation ofsocalled Prussian

Cope was connected with rebuilding theupper sections

oftheexistingperimeterwalls.Additionalmassivewalls

dividing the rooms wereintroduced inaccordance with

thecourseofthewallsontheabove-groundoors.Once

again, the arrangement of openings in the façade walls

was modied, and they were given a shape, which has

preserveduntilnow.

Tenement houses after 1906

InNovember1907,thepropertywasputupforpublic

forcedauction[4].Ayearlateritwasownedbyacompa-

nytradinginbuildingandheatingmaterials–thePichert

Brothers(GebrüderPichert). In Decemberthecompany

appliedforapermittoofmakemassiveexternalstairsto

thebasementfromthesideofFosaStaromiejskaStreet[3,

p.116].InSeptember1910,PaulFuley,onbehalfofthe

Pichert Brother company, applied for another permit to

changetheuseofthepremisesonthegroundoorfrom

thesideofFranciszkańskaStreet[3,p.121],andtheshop

wasturnedintoanapartment.From1912,thetenement

housewasownedbyFranzŻurawskiandhiswifeMar-

tanéeGoetz.InDecember1913,thenewownersofthe

apartment, which had been a shop before, replaced the

windowwithadoor,thankstowhichtherewasadirect

entrance from the street [3, p. 125]. In 1915, the tene-

menthousewasputupforpublicauctionagain.In1918,

itwaspurchasedbyJuliusGrosser,whoalsoownedthe

neighbouringbuildingonthewesternsideofthetenement

house in question. Grosser was a well-known entrepre-

neurfromToruńandhetreatedthepurchaseoftenement

housesasoneofhis many investments.Helivedinthe

area of Bydgoskie Suburb in a half-timbered villa sur-

roundedbyagarden

.WhenPolishstatehoodcameinto

existence in 1920, Grosser sold his fortune and left for

theReich.During theinterwarperiod,thepropertywas

ownedbyWacławRudziński.Atthattime,nosignicant

constructionchangesweremadeapartfromtemporaryre-

 At15aKrasińskiegoStreetin2007itwasdismantledandtrans-

ported inparts by aprivateowner toAntoniewnear Golub-Dobrzyń,

whereitwasreconstructed[14].

pairsandrefreshingofthefaçade.Asimilarsituationtook

placeafterWorldWarII.Currently,thetenementhouseis

ownedbyaprivateindividual.

Summary

Architecturalresearchconductedinthebasementsofte-

nementhousesinToruńsituatedinthenorthernpartofthe

OldTownat14FranciszkańskaStreetand24FosaStaro-

Fig.9.Toruń,24FosaStaromiejskaStreet.

Thedesignofre-stylingthefaçadefrom1906

(source:StateArchivesinToruń,FilesoftheCityofToruń,

sign.G742,k.74)

Il.9.Toruń,ul.FosaStaromiejska24.Projektzmianystylizacjifasady

z1906r.(właścicielRobertThober)(źródło:ArchiwumPaństwowe

wToruniu,AktamiastaTorunia,sygn.G742,k.74)

100 JoannaKucharzewska

miejskaStreetmadeitpossibletodetermineseveralstages

ofreconstruction.Thekeyissuewastoestablishthecontent

oftheoldesthistoricsubstancefromthemedievalperiod.

As a result of the research, it was foundthat the Gothic

fragmentsarelocatedinthesouthernpart(fromthesideof

FranciszkańskaStr.).ItwasonlyinthesecondGothicstage

thatthebasementwasaddedtothepartofthebuildingfrom

thesideofthecitywalls,partlyusingthestonefoundations

laidfortheearlierconstruction.Inthemodernperiod,these

two,previouslyindependent,partswereconnectedbythe

westernoutbuilding.Atthisstageoftheresearch,itisnot

knownwhattheabove-groundbuildingslookedlikeinthe

medievalandearlymodernperiods,althoughitisafactthat

the plots adjacent to the wall were of utility and storage

character.ThisthesisisconrmedbythedocumentofSpe

cialTaxfromtheyears1807–1815,whichshowsthatonthe

plotatFranciszkańskaStreet,therewasatwo-story,brick

granary,andfromthesideofFosaStaromiejskaStreet

there

Fig.10.Toruń,14FranciszkańskaStreet/24FosaStaromiejskaStreet.Designofrebuildingthegranaryintoatenementhousefrom1906

(owner:RobertThober):a)planofthebasementfloor(Kellergeschoss),b)planofthegroundfloor(Erdgeschoss).

Thedesignedwallsaremarkedinred(source:StateArchivesinToruń,FilesoftheCityofToruń,sign.G742,k.60)

Il.10.Toruń,ul.Franciszkańska14/FosaStaromiejska24.Projektprzebudowyspichlerzanakamienicęz1906r.(właścicielRobertThober):

a)rzutpiwnicy,b)rzutparteru.Koloremczerwonymzaznaczonoprojektowaneściany

(źródło:ArchiwumPaństwowewToruniu,AktamiastaTorunia,sygn.G742,k.60)

a b

 Buildingsat14FranciszkańskaStreetand24FosaStaromiejskaStreetinToruń 101

wasacoachhousewithatimberframestructurewithbrick

lling.Bothbuildingsburneddown.Inthemiddleofthe

century,alarge,ve-storeygranarywasbuiltonthe

walls of medieval and modern cellars.The nal change

ofbuildings,reectedinthereconstructionofthecellars,

tookplacein1906.At that time, after the demolition of

thegranary,twooppositetenementhouseswerebuiltwith

acommonstaircaseandaninneryard.

Architecturalresearchisthemosteectivemethodof

learningabouttheconstructionhistory of abuilding.In

situstudiestogetherwiththesourcematerials–written,

iconographicandcartographic–areaneectivetoolfor

the reconstruction of individual stages of construction.

Their mutual interaction and complementation can lead

aresearcheraswellasaloverofhistoricarchitectureto

obtainabetterknowledgeabouttheobjectoratleastto

getamoregenuineimageofit.

Translatedby

KarolinaPszczółkowska

References

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Abstract

Buildings at 14 Franciszkańska Street and 24 Fosa Staromiejska Street in Toruń

in the light of architectural research and source queries

Thearticlepresentstheresultsofarchitecturalresearchcarriedoutatthebasementlevelat14Franciszkańskaand24FosaStaromiejskaStreets

inToruń.Theaforementionedresearchwassupplementedwithsourcestudiesconcerningbothcellarsandabove-groundparts.

TheaimofthearchitecturalresearchwastodeterminestagesofconstructionontheplotsinquestionfromtheMiddleAgestothebeginningofthe

century.Animportantissuewastoidentifythecontentoftheoldesthistoricsubstancefromthemedievalperiodandthemomentoffunctional

andspatialintegrationoftheoppositeplots.

TheplotislocatedinthenorthernpartoftheOldTownofToruń,withinatriangularblockofbuildings,theoutlineofwhichwasdeterminedby

thecourseofthenorth-easternsectionofthecitywalls.Currently,ontwooppositeplotsthereisatenementhouse,whichreceiveditsnalshapein

theearly20

century.

Duringtheresearch,itwasfoundthattheoldest,Gothicfragmentsarepresentinthesouthernpart(onthesideofFranciszkańskaStreet).Inthe

secondGothicstage,thenorthernpart(fromthesideofFosaStaromiejskaStreet)wasgivenabasementandthestonefoundationsoftheearlier

buildingwereusedtocreateit.Inthemodernperiod,thetwoparts,whichhadbeentwoindependentunitsuntilthen,wereconnectedbyaside

outbuilding.Inthe18

century,ontheplotfacingFranciszkańskaStreet,therewasatwo-story,brickgranary.FromthesideofFosaStaromiejska

Street,therewasatimberframecoachhouse.Bothbuildingsburntdownatthebeginningofthe19

century.Inthemid-19

century,alarge,ve-

storeygranarycoveringbothplotswaserected.Thegranarywasfoundedonmedievalandmoderncellars.Theultimatechangeofbuildingstook

placein1906,when,afterthedemolitionofthegranary,twotenementhouseswerebuiltwithacommoncentralroutecontainingastaircaseand

aninnercourtyard.

Architecturalresearchtogetherwiththesourcematerialwasaneectivetoolforreconstructingindividualstagesofconstructionandexpanding

ourknowledgeabouttheformsofdevelopmentofthewalledpartoftheOldTowninToruń.

Key words: architecturalresearch,Toruń,14FranciszkańskaStreet,24FosaStaromiejskaStreet

102 JoannaKucharzewska

Streszczenie

Budynki przy ul. Franciszkańskiej 14 i Fosa Staromiejska 24 w Toruniu

w świetle badań architektonicznych i kwerend źródłowych

Wartykulezaprezentowanowynikibadańarchitektonicznychprzeprowadzonychnapoziomiepiwnicprzyul.Franciszkańskiej14iFosaSta-

romiejska24wToruniu,uzupełnioneokwerendyźródłowedotyczącezarównopiwnic,jakiczęścinaziemnych.Celembadańarchitektonicznych

byłoustaleniekolejnychetapówbudowlanychzachodzącychnaomawianychdziałkachodśredniowieczadopoczątkówXXw.Istotnąkwestiąbyło

rozpoznaniezawartościnajstarszejsubstancjizabytkowejpochodzącejzokresuśredniowiecznegoorazmomentuscaleniafunkcjonalno-przestrzen-

negoprzeciwległychdziałek.

BędącatematempracydziałkaznajdujesięwpółnocnejczęściStaregoMiastaTorunia,wobrębietrójkątnegoblokuzabudowy,któregozarys

determinowanybył przezprzebieg północno-wschodniegoodcinka murów miejskich.Obecnie nadwóch przeciwległychparcelach znajdujesię

kamienica,któraostatecznykształtuzyskałanapoczątkuXXw.

Wtrakciebadaństwierdzono,żenajstarszegotyckiefragmentyznajdująsięwczęścipołudniowej(odstronyul.Franciszkańskiej).Wdrugim

etapiegotyckimpodpiwniczonoczęśćpółnocną(odstronyFosyStaromiejskiej),wykorzystująckamiennefundamentyzałożonedlawcześniejszej

budowli.Wokresienowożytnymtedwie,dotejporyfunkcjonująceniezależnie,częścipołączyłaocynaboczna.WXVIIIw.nadziałceodstrony

ul.Franciszkańskiejznajdowałsię2-piętrowy,murowanyspichlerz,aodstronyFosyStaromiejskiejwozowniaokonstrukcjiszkieletowej.Obydwa

budynkispłonęłynapoczątkuXIXw.WpołowieXIXw.powstałduży,obejmującyobiedziałki,5-kondygnacyjnyspichlerz,któryzałożonona

średniowiecznychinowożytnychpiwnicach.Ostatecznazmianazabudowynastąpiław1906r.,kiedyporozbiórcespichlerzawybudowanodwie

kamienicezewspólnymtraktemśrodkowymwypełnionymklatkąschodowąiwewnętrznympodwórkiem.

Badaniaarchitektonicznewrazzmateriałemźródłowymstanowiłyskutecznenarzędziedorekonstrukcjiposzczególnychetapówbudowyiposze-

rzeniawiedzynatematformzabudowyprzymurnegofragmentuStaregoMiastawToruniu.

Słowa kluczowe: badaniaarchitektoniczne,Toruń,ul.Franciszkańska14,FosaStaromiejska24