Cistercian gardens – myth and reality

Małgorzata Milecka

doi:10.5277/arc130304

Abstract

A usable plan of the Cistercian monastery constitutes a specific spatial expression of the Rule of the Order. The White or the so called grey monks carried out this plan by choosing a place to build their abbeys by a river, surrounded by forests and wetlands, but characterised by good environmental conditions and potential possibilities of economic development. They consequently built their development into nature, which they extended as necessary and thus transformed the surrounding environment. A significant element of a Cistercian monastery development complex was constituted by gardens – building structures that complemented the development as regards its program and simultaneously permeated its space. The structure of garden spaces was an effect of implementing the Rule and although functions of the basic types of gardens were maintained until the times of dissolution of orders, their arrangements and locations within the monastery complexes underwent changes which was strictly connected with the usage of the entire complex space and its particular buildings and these, in turn, at times changed their functions and forms. This article was aimed at presenting the basic principles of garden arrangements and specifying briefly types of gardens that existed in Cistercian monasteries. It also included references to the still vital literature of the mediaeval garden heritage of Cistercian monasteries and a discussion of the problem of protecting the original connected with strictly Cistercian activities. We must bear in mind the fact that the evolution of the discussed complexes takes places all the time and the existing Cistercian and other orders monastery houses create modern gardens on the base of the former complexes, in accordance with their present needs, which frequently have little in common with the old arrangements. Today these places are quite often simply relaxation areas with numerous sport and recreation facilities built into green arrangements and other decorative components that are totally alien to the Cistercian tradition. With all the attractiveness of these ‘novelties’, it is extremely important that the monastery complexes within which the garden relics are preserved could transfer into the future the old traditions of the monastery garden that underwent a constant evolution as regards its functions and arrangement, but nonetheless throughout centuries was an important medium of symbolic content and religious aspects of life and moreover it constituted a significant record documenting the level of life, knowledge and first of all an attitude of man towards nature.

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