Grodno Castle in the iconography from the 18th and 19th centuries

Grzegorz Sanik

doi:10.37190/arc210407

Abstract

The aim of the article is to describe the image of Grodno Castle in Zagórze Śląskie in the iconography from the 18th and 19th centuries. The subject of the research covered graphics which were made by draftsmen and engravers at the end of the 18th and the 1st half of the 19th centuries, i.e. at the moment of the greatest changes in the substance of the monument. The article analyzes the state of preservation of the walls of Grodno Castle in individual representations. First of all, the analysis covered residential wings of the upper castle as well as the buildings of the lower courtyard with particular emphasis on the elements destroyed, dismantled, or rebuilt during transformations of the castle in the 19th century. Historic, analytical, and comparative methods were applied in our research. During the analysis, it was possible to describe and indicate the non-existent fragments of the upper castle buildings. According to the author, the gable above the southern wing and the attics are particularly important. The information collected in this way may be helpful in the future when trying to reconstruct the historic roof and restore its cubature. From the 1820s to the end of the century, major changes also took place in the lower courtyard. The farm buildings were demolished, i.e. stables, a shed and a bakery building with a bathhouse. The remnants of early modern roundel bastions have been adapted to tourist needs. The described non-existent structures of the lower castle may also be helpful in the future when trying to reconstruct these buildings.

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2021

4(68)

DOI: 10.37190/arc210407

Grzegorz Sanik*

Grodno Castle in the iconography

from the 18

and 19

centuries

Introduction

Grodno Castle (German: Kynsburg, Kinsberg) is situ-

ated in Zagórze Śląskie in Wałbrzych County. The cas-

tle was erected on top of Choina Mountain in the eastern

edge of the Black Mountains (the Wałbrzyskie Mountains

range). Its picturesque silhouette, which was set on a rock

outcrop, has been suspended over the waters of the River

Bystrzyca owing below for over seven centuries. Today,

Grodno is one of the most important monuments of medi-

eval defensive architecture in the territory of Lower Sile-

sian Voivodeship.

In the 2

half of the 18

century, after several hundred

years of its turbulent history, Grodno Castle nally ceased

to perform the function of a residence. First, in 1774, the

von Lieres family (the last inhabitants of the castle) left

the castle and in 1789, afterwards a part of the western

residential wing of the upper castle collapsed [1]. The old-

est known images of the castle, which were presented by

draftsmen and graphic artists at the turn of the 19

centu-

ry, come from that period.

The aim of this study is to describe the oldest and most

important graphics depicting Grodno Castle in the 18

and

centuries. It is a special moment in the history of the

castle because thanks to the joint eorts of new owners

and community workers it turned from a devastated ruin

into a romantic attraction. This transformation was ac-

companied by numerous changes in the substance of the

monument, often blurring the traces of its oldest history.

The article is also an attempt at describing and summariz-

ing these changes. So far, this topic has not been discussed

by researchers of the history of Grodno.

The oldest known images of the castle

Probably the oldest preserved image of Grodno Castle is

a drawing from the resources of the German Herder-Institut

für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung (Fig. 1A), ori-

ginally from the collection of Albrecht Haselbach (1892–

1979), a brewer from Namysłów. It is a feather sketch

showing the top of Choina Mountain along with the castle

and buildings which were situated at the foot of the moun-

tain. Unfortunately, neither the author nor the date of this

sketch are known. The sketch presents the upper and low-

er castle. The upper castle (Fig. 1B) no longer has a roof,

but two preserved gables are marked on it, i.e., one on

the southern wing and the other one on the north-eastern

wing. Moreover, on the north-eastern wing there are two

protruding kitchen chimneys, the remains of which in the

form of a broken chimney duct can still be seen up to the

third storey of the wing. Interestingly, the sketch shows

the perimeter wall which still existed in its entirety with

a row of windows at the very top of it, perhaps adjacent

to the battle porch from the other side. Since it is already

collapsed in subsequent graphics, it suggests that we are

dealing with the oldest graphics from the entire iconogra-

phy of Grodno collected so far. The perspective in which

the upper castle was presented is distorted – to the right

of the perimeter wall we can see the external wall of the

western wing adjacent to it (still existing today) and then

two walls of the southern wing. Under the buildings of the

upper castle, in the zwinger area, there is a long building

or a fragment of the external wall covered with a roof. In

the 19

century, it was probably demolished during nu-

merous works carried out at that time. Both Johann G.

Büsching [2] and Heinrich Schubert [3] describe these

buildings as stables (German: Stall). Among the buildings

of the lower castle (Fig. 1C), we can easily see the gate-

house, the chapel, and the building which was described

* ORCID: 0000-0002-2558-9582. e-mail: grzegorz.sanik@gmail.

com

74 Grzegorz Sanik

in the urbarium from 1595 as a bakery with a bathhouse.

In Büsching’s study, on the plan of the castle this place

is described as an old bakery (German: altes Backhaus),

whereas Schubert locates a bathhouse (German: Badhaus)

here. Moreover, the entire lower courtyard where the

above mentioned buildings are situated, is surrounded by

an early modern wall with roundel bastions. At the top of

the drawing, the sketch title is added by hand in pencil, i.e.,

Königsberg in Schlesien. Perhaps it is a signature written

by Haselbach himself, who thus entitled the work in his

collection for the sake of clarity.

One of the oldest images of Grodno Castle is also an

etching by famous Silesian engraver Friedrich Gottlob

Fig. 1. Königsberg in Schlesien. A feather sketch of Grodno Castle at the end of the 18

century.

A. General view.

B. Close-up on the upper castle with two visible gables, i.e. one over the eastern wing, the other over the southern one.

From the left, the fully preserved perimeter wall and to the right of it, the façades of the western and southern wings.

At the bottom, in the zwinger area, there is a long stable building.

C. Close-up on the lower castle. From the left: a chapel, a gatehouse and a bakery with a bathhouse.

The lower courtyard is surrounded by a modern wall with roundel bastions

(source: The Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerei in Regensburg, Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung, ref. number P 3318)

Il. 1. Königsberg in Schlesien. Szkic piórem przedstawiający zamek Grodno pod koniec XVIII w.

A. Widok ogólny.

B. Zbliżenie na zamek górny z widocznymi zachowanymi dwoma szczytami: jeden nad skrzydłem wschodnim, drugi nad południowym.

Od lewej zachowany w całości mur obwodowy, a na prawo od niego elewacje skrzydła zachodniego i południowego.

U dołu, na terenie międzymurza, długi budynek stajni.

C. Zbliżenie na zamek dolny. Od lewej: kaplica, budynek bramny i piekarnia z łaźnią.

Dziedziniec dolny otoczony jest nowożytnym murem z bastejami

(źródło: The Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerei in Regensburg, Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung, sygn. P 3318)

Endler (Fig. 2A). He was one of the most prolic artists

at the turn of the 19

century, who immortalized the ap-

pearance of the then Silesian villages and towns by means

of his works [4]. Endler specialized primarily in capturing

landscapes, in which he showed buildings surrounded by

idyllic nature and mountain landscapes. It is similar in the

case of the etching depicting Grodno Castle. The castle

itself – contrary to the title – is not the main motive of the

work, but rather it is shown as a component of the moun-

tain scenery suspended over the buildings of the village of

Schenkendorf (formerly Myślęcin, today part of Zagórze

Śląskie). Nevertheless, Grodno is depicted quite faith-

fully. Endler’s graphic presents a view of the upper castle

B C

Grodno Castle in the iconography from the 18

and 19

centuries 75

from the northern side (Fig. 2B). It shows the tower, east-

ern and long southern wings of the upper castle. On the

southern wing, we can see a clearly preserved gable as

well as a chimney in the western corner of this wing. The

most intriguing part is the attic which is marked on the

southern wing because it does not appear in other graph-

ics and has not been preserved either. It is dicult to say

whether it was the author’s over-interpretation or wheth-

er the attic was actually in this place. The eastern wing

is also surrounded by an attic (preserved to present day)

with a delicately marked gable on the right side (presented

from the side and slightly higher than the attic itself). The

peri meter wall seems to be partially collapsed, however, it

still has two little windows which were formerly adjacent

to the battle porch. On the right side of the upper castle,

the roof of the gatehouse emerges from above the trees.

The presented etching by Endler was published in period-

ical “Vaterländische Blätter zum Nutzen und Vergnügen

für das Jahr 1798” in 1798. There was a caption at the bot-

tom of the graphic: Schlos Königsberg.

The image of Grodno Castle

in the 19

century

Further iconography of Grodno Castle, which was col-

lected as a result of the query, dates back to the beginnings

of the 19

century. Among the early 19

-century graphics

of Grodno, the colored etching by Carl Friedrich Stuckart

from 1812 is particularly interesting (Fig. 3A). It shows

the buildings of the upper and lower castle. It is the rst

graphic which shows the entire castle in close-up. The

etching is rich in details, although as for the proportions

of some elements, e.g., the tower, one can have considera-

ble reservations. In the upper castle (Fig. 3B), similarly to

the previous graphics, there are two preserved gables on

the eastern and southern wings. Additionally, in the east-

ern wing we can see a chimney duct. The western wing is

collapsed and more similar to the present state, whereas

through the collapsed perimeter wall we can see arches

which can be identied with the remains of the vault of

the room which was formerly situated at the level of the

upper courtyard. A novelty is the incomplete early mod-

ern roundel bastion wall with which the upper castle was

protected from the northern and western sides. Along the

roundel bastion wall, on the right, in the zwinger area, we

can see the stable building which was also presented in

the earlier and oldest graphics. The lower castle (Fig. 3C)

does not dier from the older iconography either. Among

the buildings, we can distinguish, among other things, the

chapel, the gatehouse and the bakery with the bathhouse.

The entire lower courtyard is surrounded by the wall with

roundel bastions. At the very end, the roof of a low build-

ing protrudes above the wall, which Büsching and Schu-

bert describe as an old shed (German: alter Schuppen). At

the bottom of the graphic the following caption is placed:

SCHLOSS KÖNIGSBERG bei SCHWEIDNITZ. The etch-

ing also comes from the collection of the aforementioned

Albrecht Haselbach.

Another graphic in which Grodno Castle is presen ted

against the background of the mountain landscape is the

etching by Carl Friedrich Mosch and Friedrich Rossmäß -

ler (Fig. 4A). The graphic follows the contemporary trend

of showing nature. The mountainous landscape is highly

exaggerated, fanciful, slightly soaring, and dierent from

its actual appearance. Taking a closer look at the castle

itself (Fig. 4B), we can see the previously described build-

ings, i.e., in the foreground there is an early modern wall

with roundel bastions, the bakery building with the bath-

house, the gatehouse, the chapel and the ruins of the upper

castle with a tower. At the bottom of the graphic there is

the caption: Die Burg Königsberg.

The turning point in the history of Grodno in the 19

century was the year 1823, when the ruins of the castle were

taken over by Wrocław archaeologist, Professor Johann

Fig. 2. Schlos Königsberg. Etching of Grodno Castle from the end of the 18

century.

A. General view. B. Close-up on the upper castle. We can see the tower, the eastern wing with attics in front of it, and to the right of it,

the long southern wing with the preserved gable in the center, attics and the chimney in the corner

(drawing by F.G. Endler, source: Śląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa, ref. number 461652 I)

Il. 2. Schlos Königsberg. Akwaforta zamku Grodno z końca XVIII w.

A. Widok ogólny. B. Zbliżenie na zamek górny. Widoczna jest wieża, przed nią skrzydło wschodnie z attykami,

a na prawo od niej długie południowe skrzydło z zachowanym pośrodku szczytem, attykami oraz kominem w narożniku

(rys. F.G. Endler, źródło: Śląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa, sygn. 461652 I)

A B

76 Grzegorz Sanik

Fig. 3. Schloss Königsberg bei Schweidnitz. Etching of Grodno Castle from 1812.

A. General view.

B. Close-up on the upper castle. From the left: eastern and southern wings and the collapsed western wing.

On the southern and eastern wings, two preserved gables are visible.

In the west wing, however, we can see the remains of the vault of the room on the ground floor.

The perimeter wall is collapsed. The modern roundel bastion wall looks incomplete as well.

On the right, in the zwinger area there is a stable building.

C. Close-up on the lower castle. From the left: the chapel, the gatehouse with an entrance portal, the bakery building with the bathhouse.

The lower courtyard is surrounded by the wall with roundel bastions.

At the end, the roof of the old shed rises above the wall

(drawing by C.F. Stuckart, source: The Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerei in Regensburg,

Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung, ref. number P 1450)

Il. 3. Schloss Königsberg bei Schweidnitz. Akwaforta zamku Grodno z 1812 r.

A. Widok ogólny.

B. Zbliżenie na zamek górny. Od lewej: skrzydło wschodnie, południowe i zawalone skrzydło zachodnie.

Na skrzydle południowym i wschodnim widoczne są zachowane dwa szczyty. Natomiast w skrzydle zachodnim dostrzec można pozostałości

po sklepieniu izby znajdującej się na parterze. Mur obwodowy jest zawalony. Również nowożytny mur bastejowy wygląda na niekompletny.

Po prawej stronie na międzymurzu znajduje się budynek stajni.

C. Zbliżenie na zamek dolny. Od lewej: kaplica, budynek bramny z wejściowym portalem, budynek piekarni z łaźnią.

Dziedziniec dolny otoczony jest murem z bastejami. Na końcu znad muru wyłania się dach starej szopy

(rys. C.F. Stuckart, źródło: The Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerei in Regensburg,

Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung, sygn. P 1450)

B C

Grodno Castle in the iconography from the 18

and 19

centuries 77

Gustav Büsching (1783–1829) [1]. Undoubtedly, the ac-

tivities of Büsching and his successors saved the monu-

ment from further destruction. Two graphics presenting

the interior of the castle for the rst time come from this

period. The rst older graphic (by an unknown draftsman)

dates back to the 1820s

. It was made in the technique

of etching. It shows the entrance to the hall of the ruined

upper castle. At the bottom, we see the caption: Zweit-

er Eingang in die Ruinen des Schlosses Königsberg bei

Waldenburg

. The other, younger one (Fig. 5A), by Karl

Bräuer and Johann David Grüson, dates back to 1824.

It is a black and white lithograph which also depicts the

entrance to the hall. On the back of the graphic, in pen-

cil, the following inscription was added: Burg Kinsberg

in Schlesien. Both drawings show the destroyed portal

leading to the upper castle, i.e., the portal is devoid of the

right caryatid. It is interesting, however, that in the older

engraving, to the right of the caryatid, there is also a single

pilaster (a jamb) with a candelabra ornament along with

an adjoining ornamented archivolt, which are no longer

present in Bräuer’s drawing (Fig. 5B). It is also worth

paying attention to the tower (Fig. 5C), which is nished

with a dierent copula and devoid of a modern viewing

platform. Both graphics also come from the collection of

Haselbach.

In the 1

half of the 19

century, Grodno Castle was

often immortalized as a stronghold towering over the val-

Published by F.A. Tittel, source: Herder-Institut für historische

Ostmitteleuropaforschung, sygn. 500_K17, https://www.herder-institut.

de/bildkatalog/iv/500_K17.

Second entrance to the ruins of Grodno Castle near Wałbrzych.

ley known as Silesian Valley (German: Schlesische Thal)

or the Valley of Silesians (German: Schlesierthal). This

was the name of a fragment of the River Bystrzyca gorge

between Zagórze Śląskie and Lubachów. Historically, the

river which ew in this place separated two mountain

ranges, i.e., the Wałbrzyskie Mountains and the Sowie

(Owl) Mountains. A village was situated along the river,

but it disappeared at the beginning of the 20

century,

when a dam and an articial lake were created. The ruins

of the castle, immortalized in this way, towering over the

river and the village buildings, are presented, inter alia, in

the lithography by Carl Theodor Mattis from the 1820s

This lithograph bears the following inscription: Das

Schle sische Thal nebst der Burg zu Kynau

. When look-

ing at Grodno Castle in Mattis’ lithography, it is worth

paying attention to two elements which have not survived

to our times. The rst one is the bakery building with the

bathhouse, which are situated in the lower courtyard, but

its outline extends beyond the modern walls of the court-

yard. This building is presented in a detailed way for the

rst time, i.e., a decorative gable, a gable roof, a chim-

ney and a buttress. The bakery (bathhouse) building was

demolished after 1823 by Büsching. To the right of the

bakery building, there is a castle chapel, still in the ba-

roque form. The chapel is still in the castle, but it was

remodeled in the neo-Gothic style in the 19

century. It is

also worth paying attention to the tower which lost its old

Das Schlesische Thal nebst der Burg zu Kynau; source: Herder-

Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung, ref. number P 303,

https://www.herder-institut.de/bildkatalog/iv/P+303.

Silesian Valley with the castle in Zagórze Śląskie.

Fig. 4. Die Burg Königsberg. The etching of Grodno Castle from 1821.

A. General view. B. Close-up on the castle buildings. From the bottom: the early modern wall with roundel bastions,

the bakery building with the bathhouse, the chapel and the ruins of the upper castle with the tower.

Below the upper castle, above the trees, the roof and the gable of the gatehouse protrude above the trees

(drawing by C.F. Mosch, published by F. Rossmäßler, source: The Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerei in Regensburg,

Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung, ref. number P 2510)

Il. 4. Die Burg Königsberg. Akwaforta zamku Grodno z 1821 r.

A. Widok ogólny. B. Zbliżenie na zabudowania zamku. Od dołu: nowożytny mur z bastejami, budynek piekarni z łaźnią,

kaplica i ruiny zamku górnego z wieżą. Pod zamkiem górnym znad drzew wyłania się dach i szczyt budynku bramnego

(rys. C.F. Mosch, wyd. F. Rossmäßler, źródło: The Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerei in Regensburg,

Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung, sygn. P 2510)

A B

78 Grzegorz Sanik

copula (still visible in a lithograph from 1824) in favor of

the viewing platform. This proves the fact that the castle

was slowly adapted to tourist purposes. Similarly, from

the side of Silesian Valley, the castle is shown in the well-

known lithography by Ludwig Eduard Lütke from around

1850 (Fig. 6).

In the 19

century a rapid development of tourism took

place in the Sudetes. Grodno Castle became one of the

most popular tourist attractions in the region. It was ea-

gerly visited by patients residing in nearby spas. In 1860,

Grodno appears as one of the attractions in the illustrated

guide to Szczawno-Zdrój [5], where there is a lithograph

by Carl Theodor Mattis showing the castle from the side of

the lower courtyard (Fig. 7A). At the bottom of the litho-

graph there is the caption: Kÿnsburg. The graphic itself

was probably made by Mattis much earlier because it still

presents the castle chapel in the baroque form (Fig. 7B).

Attention should be paid to the progressive changes tak-

ing place within the castle buildings, whose purpose was

to adapt the monument to the needs of tourists. Typical

farm buildings disappeared from the lower courtyard and

zwinger and purely tourist structures appeared. The bak-

ery (bathhouse) was dismantled. One of the roundel bas-

tions (eastern) was built over with a gazebo and adapted

as a scenic viewpoint (Fig. 7C). A platform secured with

railings appeared on the viewing tower. During the next

decades of the 19

century, further changes, which were

immortalized in subsequent 19

-century lithographs, took

place in the lower courtyard. One of them is a graphic by

Ferdinand Koska which was published in the years 1848–

1856 (Fig. 8A). We can see the castle from the scenic

viewpoint in the lower courtyard. The lush gardens which

were previously established by Büsching attract attention.

In the background, we see the castle chapel remodeled in

the neo-Gothic style (Fig. 8B). At the top of the lithograph

the following inscription can be found: Schlesisches Al-

bum, at the bottom: Burg Kÿnau.

A B C

Fig. 5. Burg Kinsberg in Schlesien. Lithograph showing the entrance to the upper castle hall from 1824.

A. General view. B. Close-up on the portal leading to the upper castle hall. C. Castle tower

(drawing by K. Bräuer, published by J.D. Grüson, source: The Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerei in Regensburg,

Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung, ref. number P 2740)

Il. 5. Burg Kinsberg in Schlesien. Litografia przedstawiająca wejście do sieni zamku górnego z 1824 r.

A. Widok ogólny. B. Zbliżenie na portal prowadzący do sieni zamku górnego. C. Wieża zamku

(rys. K. Bräuer, wyd. J.D. Grüson, źródło: The Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerei in Regensburg,

Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung, sygn. P 2740)

Fig. 6. Kinau im Schlesierthal.

Zagórze Śląskie and the Valley of Silesians.

In the background,

the buildings of Grodno Castle towering over the valley

(drawing by L.E. Lütke,

source: Śląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa, ref. number G 7317 I)

Il. 6. Kinau im Schlesierthal. Zagórze Śląskie i Dolina Ślązaków.

W tle górujące nad doliną zabudowania zamku Grodno

(rys. L.E. Lütke, źródło: Śląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa, sygn. G 7317 I)

Grodno Castle in the iconography from the 18

and 19

centuries 79

Grodno Castle

and the graphics by F.B. Werner

Finally, supplementing the theme of the iconography

of Grodno Castle, it is necessary to comment on the lack

of its graphics among famous sketches by Friedrich Bern-

hard Werner (1690–1776). Works of this Silesian drafts-

man, which contained thousands of drawings of Silesian

towns and monuments, constitute an invaluable source of

information for historians of architecture and researchers

of the history of the region. If there were at least one draw-

ing of Grodno Castle among them, it would be a unique

image of the Zagórze residence from the mid-18

century,

still before the construction disaster. It should be empha-

B C

Fig. 7. Kÿnsburg. Grodno Castle presented from the side of the lower courtyard. A. General view.

B. The castle chapel still in the baroque style. Below there is an outline of the Renaissance portal. On the left, there is a bridge entrance

to the gatehouse through the porch which no longer exists. C. Eastern roundel bastion which was adapted to a scenic viewpoint

(drawing C.T. Mattis, source: Śląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa, ref. number 410172)

Il. 7. Kÿnsburg. Zamek Grodno uchwycony od strony dziedzińca dolnego. A. Widok ogólny.

B. Zamkowa kaplica jeszcze w stylu barokowym. Poniżej zarys renesansowego portalu. Po lewej stronie wejście do budynku bramnego

prowadzące po pomoście przez nieistniejący już ganek. C. Wschodnia basteja zaadaptowana na punkt widokowy

(rys. C.T. Mattis, źródło: Śląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa, sygn. 410172)

80 Grzegorz Sanik

sized that not all of Werner’s manuscripts have survived to

our times. Volume 3, Topographia oder prodromus Sile-

siae from the so-called Berlin collection, which in its area

included, inter alia, the former Principality of Świdnica

and free states, has been preserved. It is in this

volume

that Grodno Castle should be found, however, there is

no such sketch there [6]. Since Werner rewrote his manu-

scripts several times during his lifetime, corrected them

and added more places, it is not known whether the sketch

of Grodno Castle was in one of the lost volumes, or if

Wer ner simply never made it. This question remains un-

answered.

Summary

The presented and described iconography of Grodno

Castle comes from the period of the most important

changes which have taken place in its recent history. At

the end of the 18

century Grodno Castle stopped per-

forming its residential function (the upper castle), which

fact was nally sealed with the collapse of the western

residential wing and the adjacent perimeter wall. An at-

tempt at saving the monument and adapting it to its

new function, namely a romantic ruin attracting tourists

covered the years 1820s and 1830s. It was then that the

greatest changes in the substance of the monument took

place. In the author’s opinion, the collected information

may be helpful in the future when trying to reconstruct

the castle’s buildings. The gable above the southern wing

of the upper castle is of particular signicance because it

can be helpful in the attempt at reconstructing the histor-

ic roof and restoring its cubature. The oldest iconography

of the castle also constitutes a valuable testimony to the

appearance of the castle before the described changes.

Unfortunately, there is no graphic which would show the

castle before the construction disaster, i.e. from the time

when it was still inhabited. Nevertheless, we hope that

such graphic, by chance or as a result of a query, will be

found one day.

Translated by

Bogusław Setkowicz

Fig. 8. Burg Kÿnau. Lower courtyard in the mid-19

century.

A. General view. B. Castle chapel remodeled in the neo-Gothic style

(drawing by F. Koska, source: Śląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa, ref. number 159942)

Il. 8. Burg Kÿnau. Dziedziniec dolny w połowie XIX w.

A. Widok ogólny. B. Zamkowa kaplica przebudowana w stylu neogotyckim

(rys. F. Koska, źródło: Śląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa, sygn. 159942)

A B

Grodno Castle in the iconography from the 18

and 19

centuries 81

References

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Dwór, Radosno, Rogowiec, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich,

Wro cław 1960.

[2]

Büsching J.G., Burg Kinsberg in Schlesien. Beschreibung und Ge-

schich te derselben nach urkundlichem Material, J.D. Gruson & Comp.,

Breslau 1827, https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/BV001565274

[accessed: 20.12.2020].

[3] Schubert H., Die Kinsburg in ihrem gegenwärtigen Zustande: mit

Erinnerungen aus dem Fremdenbuch auf derselben, Verlag von Max

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108380/edition/106578 [accessed: 20.12.2020].

[4] Halawa E., Kody pamięci. Ikonograa Śląska w grace i rysunku

od XVIII do początku XX w., Muzeum Narodowe, Wrocław 2015.

[5] Mattis C.T., Salzbrunn und dessen Umgebungen. Brunnen und Pro -

menade, https://sbc.org.pl/dlibra/publication/50666/edition/47175/

content [accessed: 20.12.2020].

[6] Werner F.B., Topographia Silesiae, https://archivdatenbank.gsta.

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xvii_

ha_rep_135_XVII_HA_Rep_135_Nr_526-2 [accessed: 20.12.2020].

Abstract

Grodno Castle in the iconography from the 18

and 19

centuries

The aim of the article is to describe the image of Grodno Castle in Zagórze Śląskie in the iconography from the 18

and 19

centuries. The sub-

ject of the research covered graphics which were made by draftsmen and engravers at the end of the 18

and the 1

half of the 19

centuries, i.e., at

the moment of the greatest changes in the substance of the monument. The article analyzes the state of preservation of the walls of Grodno Castle in

individual representations. First of all, the analysis covered residential wings of the upper castle as well as the buildings of the lower courtyard with

particular emphasis on the elements destroyed, dismantled, or rebuilt during transformations of the castle in the 19

century. Historic, analytical, and

comparative methods were applied in our research.

During the analysis, it was possible to describe and indicate the non-existent fragments of the upper castle buildings. According to the author,

the gable above the southern wing and the attics are particularly important. The information collected in this way may be helpful in the future when

trying to reconstruct the historic roof and restore its cubature. From the 1820s to the end of the century, major changes also took place in the lower

courtyard. The farm buildings were demolished, i.e. stables, a shed and a bakery building with a bathhouse. The remnants of early modern roundel

bastions have been adapted to tourist needs. The described non-existent structures of the lower castle may also be helpful in the future when trying

to reconstruct these buildings.

Key words: Grodno Castle, Zagórze Śląskie, Kynsburg, Kinsberg, Kynau, iconography of the 19

century

Streszczenie

Zamek Grodno w ikonograi z XVIII i XIX wieku

Celem artykułu było opisanie wizerunku zamku Grodno w Zagórzu Śląskim w ikonograi z XVIII i XIX w. Przedmiotem badań były graki wy-

konane przez rysowników i rytowników pod koniec XVIII i w 1. połowie XIX w., czyli w momencie największych zmian zachodzących w substancji

zabytku. W artykule dokonano analizy stanu zachowania murów zamku Grodno na poszczególnych przedstawieniach. Przede wszystkim analizie

zostały poddane skrzydła mieszkalne zamku górnego, a także zabudowania dziedzińca dolnego, ze szczególnym naciskiem na elementy zniszczone,

rozebrane lub przemurowane w czasie przekształceń zamku zachodzących w XIX w. Podczas badań stosowano metody historyczno-analityczne

i porównawcze.

W trakcie analizy udało się opisać i wskazać nieistniejące już fragmenty zabudowań zamku górnego. W ocenie autora szczególnie ważny jest

szczyt nad skrzydłem południowym i attyki. Zebrane w ten sposób informacje mogą być w przyszłości pomocne przy próbie rekonstrukcji historycz-

nego dachu i przywrócenia jego kubatury. Od lat 20. XIX w. do końca stulecia duże zmiany zaszły również w obrębie dziedzińca dolnego. Rozebrane

zostały zabudowania gospodarcze: stajnie, szopa i budynek piekarni z łaźnią. Na cale turystyczne zostały zaadaptowane pozostałości nowożytnych

bastei. Opisane nieistniejące już zabudowania zamku dolnego mogą w przyszłości być również pomocne przy próbie rekonstrukcji tych budowli.

Słowa kluczowe: zamek Grodno, Zagórze Śląskie, Kynsburg, Kinsberg, Kynau, ikonograa XIX w.

Zagórze Śląskie, Grodno Castle.

Foregate of the upper castle

after the neo-Gothic reconstruction

in the mid-19

century.

View from the south-west

(photo by A. Gryglewska, 2021)

Zagórze Śląskie, zamek Grodno.

Przedbramie górnego zamku

po neogotyckiej przebudowie

w połowie XIX w.

Widok od południowego zachodu

(fot. A. Gryglewska, 2021)