Interdisciplinary research as a form of monument protection and preparation for the investment process on the example of the former Gdańsk Shipyard complex

Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen, Jakub Szczepański

doi:10.37190/arc220410

Abstract

The multi-layered heritage of many industrial plants operating until the end of the 20th century creates a particular challenge for conservators, designers and investors. In the process of protecting its values, displaying qualities and managing the property, it is necessary to recognize a wider transformation of technology of the entire plant and the individual functions of its buildings, as well as the context of intangible heritage. An example of this type of complex historical building is the former Gdańsk Shipyard. The subject of the article is an interdisciplinary study of the shipyard complex, during which a research method based on several scales of analysis (in relation to the city, the complex and the facility) was developed. It was based on an in-depth recognition of the shipyard’s operation in the 1970s and 1980s, which, due to workers’ strikes in the plant and the establishment of NSZZ “Solidarność”, had a special impact on constitutionalizing its property status to outstanding values. The authors set themselves the goal of presenting the results of a detailed study of the cultural resources of the shipyard, which included specialists from the shipbuilding industry historically associated with this particular industrial plant. As a result, multi-faceted conservation guidelines were created to set the framework for the protection of the shipyard’s cultural resources, conduct conservation and investment works on its premises (material and color template). The summary shows the possibilities of using the presented model of research activities in connection with design activities using the example of an industrial facility prepared for the investment process (former Main Warehouse, the so-called U-Boat Hall).

Keywords:
article
architectural-and-conservation-documentation
conservation-guidelines
colour-pattern
adaptation-of-post-industrial-monuments
gdańsk-shipyard

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Anna Orchowska-Smolińska*, Anna Kriegseisen**,

Jakub Szczepański***

Interdisciplinary research as a form

of monument protection and preparation for the investment process

on the example of the former Gdańsk Shipyard complex

Introduction

The history of the shipyard complex, known as the for-

mer Gdańsk Shipyard, began in 1844

. It was then that

in the area north of the Old Town, located just over 7 km

from the mouth of the Martwa Wisła River to the Bay of

Gdańsk, a maintenance and repair base for the Royal

Prussian Navy was established. The pressure of maritime

growth and the need to expand the Prussian Navy in the

half of the 19

century initiated the industrialization

process of Gdańsk, the main link of which was the produc-

tion of ships. Over the next 150 years, the Gdańsk ship-

building centre underwent numerous extensions and mod-

ernization, leaving behind a complex resource of technical

heritage in an area of over 70 ha

. It consists of monuments

ORCID: 0000-0002-9930-3655. Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk

University of Technology, Poland, e-mail: anna.smolinska@pg.edu.pl

** ORCID: 0000-0001-5181-4758. Faculty of History, University

of Gdańsk, Poland.

***

ORCID: 0000-0003-4384-2155. Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk

University of Technology, Poland.

The cultural heritage of the shipyard area covers a multidimen-

sional time perspective of the history of Gdańsk. Beginning in the Mid-

dle Ages, the Teutonic Order established the third municipal organism in

this area, beside the Right Town (Rechtstadt, now the Main City) and the

Old Town (Altstadt) – the Young Town (Jungstadt). After expelling the

Teutonic Knights, Gdańsk residents liquidated the Young City (1455).

The name has survived in the nomenclature of the timber warehouses

located there, known as the Young City Wood Yards (1621 – Holtz Raum

auf der Junge Stadtt, 1690 – Jungstädticher Holtz-Raum). In the 1

half

of the 17

century (1625–1636), the northern line of early modern forti-

cations of the Gdańsk Fortress was built in this area [1].

Including the areas of the former Gdańsk Shipyard, still in use for

the needs of sea production, located on the Ostrów Island (Holm), a total

of approximately 140 ha.

of industrial architecture with accompanying infrastruc-

ture and technological equipment. The key component of

the heritage resource of the former Gdańsk Shipyard are

the elements of the intangible heritage associated with the

spatial and architectural complex, among which the most

important are those related to workers’ strikes and the idea

of “Solidarity”. It played a key role in overthrowing the

communist system in the 20

century in Europe. The re-

source of Gdańsk’s post-shipyard heritage is largely pre-

served despite the damage to its integrity resulting from

the relatively late implementation of conservation protec-

tion tools. The whole creates a unique resource of tangible

and intangible cultural heritage, documenting social and

economic development as well as scientic and technical

progress. Unique values, signicantly exceeding the local

resource, can be dened as universal values.

Identication, research and scientic analysis of cultural

heritage resources are considered to be the basic and most

eective tools in the eld of protection of cultural assets

[2]. Also, in this case, they play a leading role in managing

cultural resources, including planning investments and

de-

termining the scope of conservation works. However, the

complexity and character of the historic post-industrial

complex [3], [4] necessitate the use of a scientic research

methodology adapted to its specicity and a modied

form of architectural and conservation documentation.

State of research and conservation status

The state of knowledge about the cultural resources of

the former Gdańsk Shipyard before 2013 was based on

residual conservation documentation and expert opinions

prepared only in the period immediately after the decla-

DOI: 10.37190/arc220410

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

104 Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen, Jakub Szczepański

ration of bankruptcy of Gdańsk Shipyard S.A. in 1996.

In 1999, at the request of the Pomeranian Regional Mon-

uments Inspector (Pomorski Wojewódzki Konserwator

Zabytków – PWKZ), the rst registration cards of archi-

tectural and construction monuments from the Shipyard

area (17 cards) were created [5]. During the economic

transformation at the end of the 20

century, the aware-

ness of historic values and the potential of the iconic ship-

yard complex was only beginning to take shape. In the

rst conservation opinion prepared in 1999 regarding the

value of selected buildings from the shipyard area, only

eight historic buildings were recognized by a scientic

research team, while demolition was allowed for another

nine [6]. In the same year, the PWKZ made the rst en-

try into the register of monuments in the Shipyard area,

which included: (1) Solidarity Square with (2) the Fallen

Shipyard Workers of December 1970, (3) a fragment of

the shipyard wall (with inscription plates), (4) the historic

Gate No. 2, and (5) the building housing the Health and

Safety Hall [7]. In addition to being the only entry in the

only legal form of protection for the Shipyard’s monu-

ments were local spatial plans [8], [9] adopted in 2004,

taking into account the conservation protection of histori-

cal objects and cultural values in the former shipyard area

to a very limited extent.

At the turn of 2013 and 2014, the shipyard area south of

the Martwa Wisła River was entirely subject to the inven-

tory of historical buildings located in the area of the for-

mer Gdańsk Shipyard. The main purpose of the research

was to document the state of preservation of post-shipyard

cultural assets. As a result of the eld research, 290 his-

toric objects were identied, for which individual regis-

tration cards were prepared. Comprehensive information

base about buildings and objects being post-shipyard

develop ment was then handed over to the PWKZ. Only

66 of them were included in the Provincial Register of

Monuments (Wojewódzka Ewidencja Zabytków – WEZ)

[10], [11]. In 2015, an important expert study was pub-

lished, entitled Studium wyboru form ochrony konserwa-

torskiej terenów i obiektów postoczniowych w Gdańsku

[Study of the selection of forms of conservation protec-

tion for areas and post-shipyard facilities in Gdańsk], one

of the conclusions of which was the need to protect the

most valuable facilities of the former Gdańsk Shipyard

[12]. With regard to the contemporary changes in the ur-

ban structure of the discussed part of Gdańsk in 2016 [13]

and 2018 [14], a two-volume study was prepared under

the supervision of Professor Piotr Lorens from the Gdańsk

University of Technology. The rst volume, written in col-

laboration with Janusz Lipiński, concerned the potential

of post-shipyard areas in the context of their redevelop-

ment. In the second part, prepared together with Professor

Jakub Lewicki, the historic substance and planning heri-

tage were assessed.

The legal protection of the rst buildings and strictly

shipyard areas took place only in 2017 when the oldest

part of the historic industrial complex of the former Im-

perial Shipyard was entered in the Register of Historic

Monuments [15]. In the same territorial scope, in 2018

the President of the Republic of Poland recognized a part

of the shipyard area as Monument of History

[16]. The

protection of other parts of the former Gdańsk Shipyard

took place in 2019 and 2020 [17], [18], which summed up

the twenty-year-long process of implementing appropriate

legal forms of monument protection of the most valuable

cultural heritage objects in its area. Meanwhile, at the

beginning of the new millennium, the demolition of his-

toric buildings belonging to the shipyard and the removal

of elements of its equipment and infrastructure began

The PWKZ initially entered 260 inventoried objects in the

Gdańsk Shipyard, such as shipyard halls, workshop buildings, docks and

ramps (slipways), elements of infrastructure and development (bollards,

street lamps, crane rails, fragments of historical surfaces, etc.) and de-

vices – cranes, gantries, lathes, milling machines and many more. Ulti-

mately, the Pomeranian Provincial Conservator of Monuments withdrew

from entering into the WEZ many of the recorded elements of the his-

toric development of shipyard areas, such as fragments of quays, tracks,

and fences, gates or lanterns. Currently (as of 04/19/2022), the WEZ has

85 monuments from the area of the former Gdańsk Shipyard, including

the shipbuilding area north of the Martwa Wisła River (Ostrów Island).

The Monument of History (area dened as Gdańsk Shipyard, the

birthplace of Solidarity) status include historic buildings and structures

of the former Imperial Shipyard complex, the building housing the his-

toric Health and Safety Hall and the Solidarity Square with the Monu-

ment to the Fallen Shipyard Workers of December 1970. It is a fragment

of the historic area of the Gdańsk Shipyard (15 ha) with a part of the

historic complex. In the justication, we can read that the Gdańsk Ship-

yard construction team is an example of over a hundred years of history

of architecture and shipbuilding development, and was a place of strug-

gle for employee rights and the birth of the Independent Self-Governing

Trade Union “Solidarity”.

Some of the demolished facilities are: 2000 – shipyard clinic,

2007 – slipways of the K2 Hull Division (A1, A2), 2008 and 2012 – pre-

fabrication halls of the K2 Hull Division, 2008 – residential complex (the

villa of the director of the Imperial Shipyard), 2010 – canteen hall, 2012

– the building of the Design and Construction Oce, 2011–2013 – ship-

yard buildings located along Jana z Kolna Street (including Gate No. 3).

Fig. 1. View of a fragment of the area of the former Gdańsk Shipyard

in 2019. Until the beginning of the 21

century, the area

in the foreground of the photo was filled with shipyard halls

constituting one of the main production lines of hull construction.

Currently (2022), investment works related to the construction

of multi-family buildings are underway there

(photo by A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

Il. 1. Widok fragmentu obszaru dawnej Stoczni Gdańskiej w 2019.

Teren na pierwszym planie fotografii do początku XXI w. wypełniały

hale stoczniowe stanowiące jeden z głównych ciągów technologicznych

budowy kadłubów. Obecnie (2022) trwają tam prace inwestycyjne

związane z budową budynków wielorodzinnych

(fot. A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

Interdisciplinary research on the example of the former Gdańsk Shipyard 105

The transformation process of the Gdańsk shipyard area

initiated this way was associated with the emergence of

plans to convert the oldest part of the shipyard into a new

district of Gdańsk, i.e. connecting the post-shipyard area

with urban tissue (Fig. 1). It is worth mentioning here the

unique documentation of the Shipyard’s heritage by Mi-

chał Szlaga, which began to be created in 1999. The art-

ist undertook a several-year-long project of photograph-

ic recording of changes in the cultural resources of the

shipyard areas undergoing the rst transformations. The

publication of the results of the documentation work took

place in 2013 in the form of a richly illustrated album

with numerous descriptions [19]. Two industrial heritage

researchers, Dr. Waldemar Aeld from the Gdańsk Uni-

versity of Technology and Professor Jacek Dominiczak

from the Academy of Fine Arts, played an important role

in the project in the context of reading the meanings of

shipyard remains.

Research model of the post-industrial

heritage resource on the example

of the former Gdańsk Shipyard

The article aims to present the research work carried

out in 2018–2021 on the cultural resources of the former

Gdańsk Shipyard and the conservation protection tools

based on them, supporting the system of protection and

management of its heritage. The research works were car-

ried out by a team of scientists from the Department of

History, Theory of Architecture and Monument Conserva-

tion at the Faculty of Architecture of the Gdańsk Univer-

sity of Technology

, in cooperation with external experts

[20], [21]. The research cycle operated on three scales: (1)

landscape scale concerning the mutual relations of the ex-

amined historic complex with the surrounding landscape

(including the city), (2) general (ensemble scale) for the

entire historic industrial plant and (3) detailed (monument

scale) for selected historic buildings (Fig. 2).

The research concept of the cultural heritage of the for-

mer Gdańsk Shipyard had to be based on several import-

ant assumptions. One of them was to adapt the scientic

survey of the historic complex to the specics of a large-

scale state production plant, which was the Gdańsk Ship-

yard

. Therefore, it was important not only to establish

the shipbuilding production technology during its opera-

tion but also to determine changes in production, in which

individual buildings and their associated shipyard areas

(land and water) participated.

The study Ekspertyza określająca dopuszczalny zakres

ingerencji inwestycyjnej na terenie zespołu zabytkowego

The research was commissioned by the National Heritage Board

of Poland, which was entrusted with this task by the Ministry of Culture

and National Heritage, in connection with the eorts to enter the former

Gdańsk Shipyard in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The Gdańsk Shipyard was established on two previous Gdańsk

shipyards – the Imperial Shipyard (then Danziger Werft) and the Schichau

Shipyard (Schichau Werft Danzig). For over half a century, starting in

1946, the Shipyard operated as a single large-scale production and repair

enterprise, and the infrastructure of the previously separate shipyards

was integrated.

dawnej Stoczni Gdańskiej w Gdańsku w kontekście za

cho wania krajobrazu kulturowego oraz ochrony wartości

dzie dzictwa materialnego i niematerialnego tego obszaru,

miej sca proponowanego do wpisu na Listę Światowego

Dzie dzic twa [An expert opinion dening the permissible

scope of investment intervention in the historic complex

of the former Gdańsk Shipyard in Gdańsk in the context

of preserving the cultural landscape and protecting the

value of the tangible and intangible heritage of this area,

a place proposed for entry in the World Heritage List]

[21] covered all of the shipyard areas within the histori-

cal reach of the Gdańsk Shipyard

, and was divided into

spatial and morphological units determined based on the

historical role they played in the context of the entire tech-

nological ensemble and the accompanying development.

In addition to in-depth historical research for the whole

area as well as individual architectural objects and tech-

nical elements using, i.e. literature and archival sources.

Aspects of the industrial (technical) heritage of the ship-

yard were treated with particular attention. The analysis

Dziedzictwo przemysłowe Stoczni Gdańskiej [Indus trial

Heritage of Gdańsk Shipyard] [20] attempted to recreate

the layout of the production lines of ship fabrica tion and

assembly that were created for the needs of the ship

yard

activity in the 2

half of the 20

century and had been used

until the 1980s (Fig. 3). Shipbuilding processes have been

traced in the shipbuilding heritage ensemble. The starting

point was the moment of accepting metallurgical materi-

als from the industrial plant, and then their preparation and

processing. Then, elements of the hull structure (sections

and blocks) were made, and the hull was assembled and

launched. The next step was to equip the

hull with propul-

sion devices and auxiliary machines, tting with the neces-

sary equipment and furnishings. The intangible resource,

which can be considered through the preserved post-ship-

yard space, as well as the historic substance, has a similar

signicance for the overall consideration of the shipyard’s

heritage. To register them, analyses entitled Dziedzictwo

niematerialne Stoczni Gdańskiej związane ze strajkami

ro botniczymi i powstaniem Niezależnego Samorządnego

Związ ku Zawodowego „Solidarność” [Intangible heritage

of the Gdańsk Shipyard related to workers’ strikes and the

establishment of the Independent Self-Governing Trade

Union “Solidarity”] [20] were carried out

During the second research stage on the shipyard her-

itage, the focus was on the valorization of the asset and

on deepening the landscape analysis. The post-industrial

landscape of the former Gdańsk Shipyard, shaped from

the mid-19

century to the end of the 1980s, is an import-

ant element of the cultural landscape of Gdańsk. It proves

The areas still used for shipbuilding functions, i.e. those located

on the Ostrów island, have been excluded from detailed research.

The following turned out to be of key importance in spatial ana-

lyzes: recreating the course of the rst strike in the Gdańsk Shipyard,

dening the routes of the organizers and strikers on August 14, 1980,

and indicating the places related to the strike agitation and distribution

of volatile materials (cloakrooms, bathhouses, common rooms, can-

teens, etc.), locating buildings where meetings were organized, work-

ers’ groups and places of assemblies and strike rallies, or indicating the

buildings where the strike initiators worked.

106 Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen, Jakub Szczepański

Fig. 2. Historical analysis of the area where former Gdańsk Shipyard developed. The spatial development of the area of later shipyards was analyzed, starting from the Middle Ages and ending in the 1980s.

The main studies on the topic concerned historical shipbuilding investments that began to be built in this area in the mid-19

century (both preserved and non-existent), 2018 (source: [20])

Il. 2. Analiza historyczna zagospodarowania przestrzennego terenów dawnej Stoczni Gdańskiej. Analizie poddano rozwój przestrzenny rejonu późniejszych stoczni, rozpoczynając od średniowiecza, a na latach 80. XX w.

skończywszy. Główne studia tematu dotyczyły historycznych inwestycji stoczniowych, które zaczęły powstawać na tym terenie począwszy od połowy XIX w. (zachowanych i nieistniejących), 2018 (źródło: [20])

Interdisciplinary research on the example of the former Gdańsk Shipyard 107

Fig. 3. The analysis – Intangible heritage of the Gdańsk Shipyard related to workers’ strikes and the establishment of the Independent Self-Governing Trade Union “Solidarity”, 2018 (source: [20])

Il. 3. Analiza – Dziedzictwo niematerialne Stoczni Gdańskiej związane ze strajkami robotniczymi i powstaniem Niezależnego Samorządnego Związku Zawodowego „Solidarność”, 2018 (źródło: [20])

108 Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen, Jakub Szczepański

the port and shipyard functions and the seaside character

of the city. It is also an important symbol related to his-

torical events (workers’ strikes), which contributed to the

political changes in post-war Poland. The most important

elements identifying the shipyard with its basic function

– shipbuilding, are the slipways (hull construction and

assembly sites) associated with the cranes serving them.

No less historical value have the extensive storage and

assembly yards with the communication system enabling

the transport of large-scale elements (sheets, hull sections)

as well as the quay lines with accompanying infrastruc-

ture (cranes, tracks, bollards) (Fig. 4). The buildings in

the area are varied, of a dierent scale and character, ad-

justed to the function performed. The specic type and

stage of production caused the location of buildings in

a form of clusters. Due to the gradual territorial expan-

sion of the shipyard, along with the depletion of land re-

sources, a greater density of buildings is noticeable in area

historically used for longer. It is the result of numerous

reconstructions, modernization and extensions. The eect

of the vertical expansion is the piling up of roofs, the ho-

rizontal extension of the halls and the formation of the

extensions, most often at side façades. The technological

and communication lines, based on crane rails and inter-

nal transport railway, had the greatest impact on the devel-

opment of the shipyard’s spatial layout. As a result, there

are often long composition axes, storage and manoeu-

vring yards with xed overhead cranes and irregularities

in the layout of the development adapted to the curves of

the tracks. Most of the buildings have the form of rect-

angular halls (proportions of length to width up to 6:1)

with one or more spans (the so-called passages, where the

cranes operate inside the hall and overpassing the street).

As a rule, railway tracks were led inward, and large gates

were located in the gable walls of the halls. Thanks to

their opening, they integrated the interior of the hall with

the outside square, which was a kind of functional exten-

sion. Production halls were often stacked together along

a longer façade, creating larger spaces. Other buildings

with a workshop, warehouse or social function were also

Fig. 4. Exemplary valorization card of the heritage asset of the former Gdańsk Shipyard (elaborated in Polish).

The main purpose of this assessment was to examine the presence and to determine the degree of preservation of certain values in the area

of the shipyard. The division into four main categories of cultural values has been applied: (A) integrity, (B) authenticity,

Within each of the four basic groups of values, the attributes (values) constituting them were defined, 2019 (source: [21])

Il. 4. Przykładowa karta waloryzacji zasobów dawnej Stoczni Gdańskiej. Podstawowym celem waloryzacji było określenie stopnia nasycenia

poszczególnych obszarów wartościami kulturowymi. Zastosowano podział na cztery główne kategorie wartości kulturowych:

(A) integralność, (B) autentyczność, (C) wartości historyczne i/lub niematerialne, (D) wartości artystyczne i estetyczne.

W ramach każdej z czterech podstawowych grup wartości określono tworzące je atrybuty (wartości), 2019 (źródło: [21])

Interdisciplinary research on the example of the former Gdańsk Shipyard 109

built on a rectangular plan, but the ratio of their length to

width rarely exceeded 3:1. A typical attribute of the Ship-

yard was and in many places is – technical infrastructure,

such as transmission mains, overhead crane yovers, and

other installations outside the buildings. The landscape of

the shipyard was not consciously composed in terms of

scenic values, but the subordination of functions created

a character typical of industrial plants with their roots at

the end of the 19

century.

It is characterized by specic picturesqueness, asso-

ciated with the clear spontaneity of expansion, historical

layers and spatial diversity. In its original state, apart from

the views from the waterside, it did not oer extensive

natural panoramas, but rather view axes with frontages of

production halls, intimate urban interiors and narrow pas-

sages between buildings. The nature of the production did

not require the construction of numerous high chimneys,

characteristic of other post-industrial spaces. The height

dominants, on the other hand, were cranes, usually con-

centrated in the areas of the slipways and quays. Their

scale combined with mobility, creating changeable views,

is a unique feature of this landscape. These and other con-

clusions from landscape analyzes have created unique

conservation guidelines for the protection of spatial and

scenic values of the shipyard areas.

Architectural and conservation research

of the U-Boat Hall (89 A)

An example of a detailed-scale study was the research

prepared for the building of the former Main Warehouse

(89A), the so-called U-Boat Hall

. Based on that re-

search, Wytyczne konserwatorskie rewaloryzacji budynku

dawnego Magazynu Głównego 89A, tzw. Hali UBootów,

na terenie dawnej Stoczni Gdańskiej [The Conservation

Guidelines for the revalorization of the building of the for-

mer Main Warehouse 89A, the so-called The U-Boat Hall,

on the site of the former Gdańsk Shipyard] [22] were elab-

orated. The aim of architectural and conservation research

was to determine the actions and solutions necessary to

restore the historical building (Fig. 5). The research was

undertaken at the stage preceding the design development

of the building for adaptation to cultural, commercial

and residential functions. It was meant to point out any

works that could cause damage to the historic structure

and indicate the way to carry out the conservatory works

to maximize the value of historic architecture. The study

included: (1) a historical study of the facility, (2) a de-

tailed architectural and conservation description with pho-

tographic documentation, (3) a program of conservation

The building, erected in 1941 in the area near the southern bor-

der of the shipyard, was intended to constitute its extensive warehouse

facilities, adapted to the receipt and storage of the range of equipment

imported by car. An additional function was a workshop, in the form of

a spacious assembly hall in the basement of the building. The building

was probably also used as one of the facilities belonging to the then-de-

veloped production line of the shipyard, which was aimed at the produc-

tion of U-boats. In the years 1945–1996, the building continued its main

original function – a storehouse. Since 1997, a music club (“Kazamaty”)

operated on the ground oor of the hall.

works, and (4) conservation guidelines for future resto-

ration works related to the facility.

It would seem that the application of standard tools of

conservation analysis would be enough to develop meth-

ods of conduct during the renovation and adaptation of

the building. However, shipyard buildings require more

complex treatment. The values of this complex are not

only in the post-industrial architecture of the early 20

century but also the post-war heritage related to the pro-

tests and the creation and activity of the Trade Union

“Solidarity”. Therefore, in planning the works, eorts are

made not only to protect but also to display the material

traces of the transformations of objects that took place in

the years 1945–1996. Due to the often random nature of

these changes, this task is quite dicult to reconcile with

both the historical, well-thought-out and structured archi-

tectural form and plans for a new investment.

Permanent elements of the conservation documentation

had to be modied or extended. In such a case, the histor-

ical analysis of the object involves not only collecting the

available archival information and the iconography. It is

also important to recognize the functions of the building,

both in the primary production process and in the post-war

one. The functions of the facilities changed with technolog-

ical changes and the progress in shipbuilding production

in the post-war years. Recognition of the purpose of indi vi-

dual spaces is necessary not only for the correct reconnoi-

tring of primary and secondary materials but also to deter-

mine any limitations in the adaptive reuse of architectural

heritage to new functions (e.g. due to highly toxic produc-

tion phases when converting to residential purposes).

For stylistically homogeneous buildings, a detailed ana -

ly sis of primary and secondary materials is usually not ne-

cessary. The closer to contemporary times, the fewer layers

there are, the easier it is to recognize them, and usually one

strives to expose one, primary historical phase. For shipyard

Fig. 5. The body of the Main Warehouse (89A),

so-called the U-Boat Hall, in the view from the south-east, 2019

(before the start of conservation works)

(photo by A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

Il. 5. Bryła Magazynu Głównego (89A), tzw. Hali U-Bootów,

w widoku od strony południowo-wschodniej, stan na 2019 r.

(przed rozpoczęciem prac konserwatorskich)

(fot. A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

110 Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen, Jakub Szczepański

buildings, these analyzes are performed using methods

that would apply to historically more complex buildings

(Fig. 6). The reason is the assumption made for the en-

tire complex that the primary phase is not overriding, and

the adaptations, repairs, and maintenance are to be carried

out with respect to all layers by 1989 or even 1996

. As

a result of this assumption, not only a detailed analysis

of bricks, joints, plasters, and articial stone used for the

façade decoration was carried out, but also such elements

as metal gates, glazing of industrial window joinery, pri-

mary and subsequent colours of individual elements.

An additional diculty was the destruction of the ac-

cidentally used building from the 2

half of the 1990s to

2020. At that time, there was an entertainment club in the

building. The upper oors open to the interior in the form

of an atrium were used as a paintball area.

Architectural research is presented in a traditional form

showing the stratigraphy of the object (elevations, projec-

In the case of the former Gdańsk Shipyard, this turning point

should be shifted from the date representing systemic changes in Poland

(1989) to the date of declaring the bankruptcy of the plant (1996).

tions) (Figs. 7, 8) and in a descriptive form. Conservation

analyzes were prepared both in the traditional form of de-

scription and in the form of analytical drawings, enabling

quick identication of, e.g. elements for preservation and

conservation and elements allowed for removal, treated as

secondary and/or accidental.

At an early stage of the research, each element of the

documentation was discussed with the designers as well as

with the conservatory authorities. This close cooperation

at the design stage allowed for the creation of a unique

adaptation, in which the cranes located inside and other

devices, as well as elements of equipment and decor, were

reconciled with the modern infrastructure of a cultural,

commercial and residential function. The raw and mon-

umental architecture of the 1940s, after careful conserva-

tion, was reconciled with such elements as a green roof or

the surrounding rain gardens. As part of the consultation,

it was possible to determine the interference with the sub-

stance and the historical structure of the object, acceptable

in terms of conservation.

One of the biggest problems when adapting an industrial

building to a residential function is the preservation of in-

Fig. 6. Interiors of the Main Warehouse (89A), so-called the U-Boat Hall, 2019 (before the start of conservation works):

a) repetitive floor of the building (6

floor) – top view of one of the atriums,

b) the staircase – stairs in all three staircases – double L-shaped stairs, monolithic, reinforced concrete structure

(photo by A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

Il. 6. Wnętrza Magazynu Głównego (89A), tzw. Hali U-Bootów, stan na 2019 r. (przed rozpoczęciem prac konserwatorskich):

a) piętro powtarzalne (magazynowe) budynku 89A (VI piętro) – widok od góry na jedno z atriów,

b) klatka – schody we wszystkich trzech klatkach schodowych – łamane, czterobiegowe, żelbetowe, monolityczne (fot. A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

Interdisciplinary research on the example of the former Gdańsk Shipyard 111

Fig. 7. The scope of the revalorization guidelines for one of the façades (south) of the Main Warehouse (89A), so-called the U-Boat Hall

(elements to be preserved / elements to be exposed / elements disintegrating the historical system

– to be removed/ possible interference with the substance and the historical structure of the object), 2019 (source: [22])

Il. 7. Zakres wytycznych rewaloryzacji dla jednej z elewacji (południowej) Magazynu Głównego (89A), tzw. Hali U-Bootów

(elementy do zachowania oraz konserwacji / elementy do odsłonięcia / elementy dezintegrujące układ historyczny

– do usunięcia / dopuszczalna ingerencja w substancję historyczną), 2019 (źródło: [22])

Fig. 8. The scope of the guidelines for interior restoration on the example of the 1

floor, of the Main Warehouse (89A), so-called the U-Boat Hall

(elements to be preserved / elements to be exposed / elements disintegrating the historical system

– to be removed / possible interference with the substance and the historical structure of the object), 2019 (source: [22])

Il. 8. Zakres wytycznych rewaloryzacji wnętrz na przykładzie I piętra Magazynu Głównego (89A), tzw. Hali U-Bootów

(elementy do zachowania oraz konserwacji / elementy do odsłonięcia / elementy dezintegrujące układ historyczny

– do usunięcia / dopuszczalna ingerencja w substancję historyczną), 2019 (źródło: [22])

dustrial window ttings. Industrial windows were a cheap

solution, if only because of their considerable number

(nearly 200 windows outside and another ca. 100 pieces

inside) (Fig. 9). The steel rails were tted with windows

made of reinforced plain, white glass with a dense mesh.

In the exterior view, large window panels show a division

with thin lines of proles. During use the proles corroded,

and the glazing often cracked and broke. The as-is, then,

was a mosaic of multi-coloured glass panes with dier-

ent types of reinforcement mesh. Determining the original

112 Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen, Jakub Szczepański

Fig. 9. Variety of metal windows covered by the detailed examination of the Main Warehouse (89A), so-called the U-Boat Hall.

All industrial windows were of a type so-called “complex” windows, made of steel, rolled elements, of the standing or lying type,

with fixed or tiltable sections, 2018–2019: a, b) staircase avant-corps (TYPE 4 window) in the southern elevation

– a sixteen-row, single-section window, dimensions: width 95 cm, height 2081 cm; five single-deck opening wings,

c, d) ground floor (TYPE 2 window) – a six-row, four-section window, dimensions: 260 cm, height 551 cm;

three four-quarters wings in the central part with hinged openings,

e, f) window of upper floors (TYPE 1 window) – a three-row, four-section window, dimensions: width 268 cm, height 287 cm;

four-quarters vertically tilting section that opens vertically (source: [22])

Il. 9. Różnorodność okien metalowych objętych badaniami szczegółowymi Magazynu Głównego (89A), tzw. Hali U-Bootów.

Wszystkie historyczne ślusarki były tzw. oknami złożonymi, wykonanymi z elementów stalowych, walcowanych,

typu stojącego bądź leżącego, z kwaterami stałymi lub otwieranymi uchylnie (Skaning Laserowy 3D M. Kulesza), 2018–2019:

a, b) okna ryzalitu klatki schodowej (TYP 4) w elewacji południowej – okno szesnastorzędowe, jednodzielne,

o wymiarach: szerokość 95 cm, wysokość 2081 cm; pięć jednokwaterowych skrzydeł otwieranych,

c, d) okno przyziemia (TYP 2) – okno sześciorzędowe, czterodzielne, o wymiarach: szerokość 260 cm, wysokość 551 cm;

trzy czterokwaterowe skrzydła w centralnej części otwierane uchylnie, e, f) okno piętra (TYP 1) – okno trójrzędowe, czterodzielne,

o wymiarach: szerokość 268 cm, wysokość 287 cm; czterokwaterowe skrzydło otwierane uchylnie w pionie (źródło: [22)

type of glazing required extensive comparative analysis

not only with other shipyard facilities but also with oth-

er post-industrial complexes from that time. With today’s

thermal requirements for windows in residential premises

(double-chamber windows), keeping these narrow proles

is not possible. The wider prole, necessary for the ap-

plication due to the thermal conditions that must be met,

slightly changes the character of the façade, in which win-

dows are an extremely important element. The decision to

choose glazing was not easy either since restoring uniform

glazing fundamentally changes the appearance of the raw

walls and staircases of the U-Boat Hall compared to the ex-

isting state. On the other hand, replacing the glazing with

dierently coloured glass could lead to an articial eect.

The eect obtained is somewhat eclectic: not all el-

ements of the original decor have survived, and not all

of them have been recognized. The preservation of later

industrial elements is also associated with showing the

change in the function of the building in the post-war pe-

riod. The nal eect, however, is satisfactory: the mon-

umental, austere and elegant look of modernist archi-

tecture typical of the 2

quarter of the 20

century has

Interdisciplinary research on the example of the former Gdańsk Shipyard 113

been preserved

. The post-war history of the building

was preserved, and at the same time, the conservation re-

quirements were reconciled with the requirements of the

investment that completely changed the function of the

building. The adaptive reuse of this building has shown

that, despite the complexity of the problem, it is possible to

reconcile the preservation of the historical character of the

U-Boat Hall and the 89A Warehouse with the requirements

of a modern residential, cultural and commercial complex.

Conservatory material and colour template

for the former Gdańsk Shipyard area

The new use of the post-shipyard area in Gdańsk is of

great investment interest. In addition to the U-boat Hall

(89A), guidelines for the former Shipyard Management

Building (128A)

, the Shipyard Fire Station (150A)

and the Electric Trolleys Workshop (garage building of

electric cars with the so-called Lech Wałęsa’s workshop;

86B) and the Moulding Plant (carpentry and rope work-

shop building, then the moulding shop; 38A).

In 2021, due to the growing demand of investors for

specic guidelines for individual buildings, on the ini-

tiative of the National Heritage Board of Poland and the

Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, the documen-

tation was developed – Wzornik materiałów i barw dla

terenów dawnej Stoczni Gdańskiej [Template of materials

and colours for the areas of the former Gdańsk Shipyard]

[23]. The idea behind this documentation was to create

a template for all buildings of the post-shipyard complex,

available at the National Heritage Board of Poland (Na-

rodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa – NID) headquarters. Its

The architect composed the elevations symmetrically. Any devi-

ations from this principle are mainly the result of transforming activities,

adapting the function of the object to new needs, for example by add-

ing new window openings. The primary compositional principle of the

façades is to oppose smooth surfaces, homogeneously faced with brick,

to the parts accentuated with evenly spaced window openings.

The Shipyard Management Building has been renovated keep-

ing its original oce function but in line with the requirements of mod-

ern oce space, including co-working space.

There is a wine bar in the renovated rehouse building.

purpose is to serve investors and researchers, as well as

authors of subsequent guidelines and programs for con-

servation work with the basic identication of materials

and colours that have been successfully dated. Conserva-

tion research was carried out on all objects, with the iden-

tication of primary joints and subsequent repairs, the co-

lours were identied with the dating of individual layers

(e.g. for metal gates) and the information and propaganda

boards, as well as markings and wall paintings from the

post-war history of the shipyard, were inventoried. Paint-

ed inscriptions from the 19

century to 1996 were also

recognized and dated.

The research results are presented in cards containing

a photo of the element, a vignette assigned to it accord-

ing to the Natural Colour System (NCS System) along

with the colour number, dating, description of the basic

features of the element, location and comments (Fig. 10).

The last section contains indications for work, e.g. caution

when cleaning bricks due to sensitive sinter. The template

applies to both the natural colours of materials (brick,

joint, articial stone) and paint coatings

The conservatory material and colour template is in-

tended primarily for investors, it is to help in the initial

recognition of elements to be preserved and conserved, to

avoid accidental loss of elements, especially in post-war

history, often dicult to distinguish from accidental trans-

formations from the 1990s and after 2000.

Conclusions

The knowledge about the resources of the former

Gdańsk Shipyard and the awareness of their complexity,

acquired in the course of the research, makes it necessary

to conduct equally detailed studies and research for each

The analysis of the joints in all buildings in comparison with oth-

er buildings in Gdańsk and not only public and residential ones, allowed

for these joints to be dated, e.g. the joint coloured in the mass black

comes from the 2

half of the 19

century, and coloured pink – from

the 1950s. Dating of post-war paint coatings was possible thanks to in-

terviews with former shipyard workers (e.g. the characteristic greenery

that the cranes wear appeared when they were imported) in the 1970s.

Fig. 10. Examples of cards of the Template of materials and colours for the areas of the former Gdańsk Shipyard, 2021 (source: [23])

Il. 10. Przykłady kart Wzornika materiałów i barw dla terenów dawnej Stoczni Gdańskiej, 2021 (źródło: [23])

114 Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen, Jakub Szczepański

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be performed despite the level of advancement of the re-

search work on the shipyard’s resources on a general level

or having a tool such as the conservatory material and co-

lour template for the historical shipyard.

For a more complete recognition of the cultural heri-

tage resources of the Gdańsk Shipyard, it is necessary to

supplement the studies on its evaluation with the inclusion

of a broader comparative approach to the uniqueness of

individual components concerning the resources of, inter

alia, similar centres, as well as the extension of evaluation

threads related to the aspect of social identity (in-depth

cultural studies of its resources). It should also be added

that during the detailed studies, many interiors of build-

ings, the state of preservation and equipment which are

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age of the cultural values of the resource. For this reason,

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ies on an architectural scale, extending to conservation

and architectural studies.

Summary

As a result of the comprehensive research presented

in the article, on the example of one of the facilities be-

longing to the complex of the former Gdańsk Shipyard,

a method of conduct has been developed, based on which

it is possible to undertake construction works and carry

out conservation works in a given monument. Success-

ful adaptive reuse of the post-shipyard buildings to new

functions is possible only thanks to working in an inter-

disciplinary team. Architectural and conservation research

conducted by specialists in the elds of architecture, his-

tory of architecture and conservation allows us to look at

the conservation issues of the facility in the investment

process from dierent angles. Reconciliation of all re-

quirements (conservation, historical and adaptation) re-

quires close cooperation with researchers and designers at

every stage. In the course of our studies and development

of guidelines, it was possible to create a model that can

also be applied to other facilities of the shipyard complex

and post-industrial facilities in general.

The studies conducted so far show that in the area of

the former Gdańsk Shipyard there are fewer than a hun-

dred buildings of various scales preserved, at least several

hundred essential elements of infrastructure and import-

ant industrial equipment of historical value. Only care to

preserve various objects of cultural heritage, subject to

appropriate conservation measures and consciously com-

bined with new investments, can contribute to the creation

of a new city space that proves the identity of a post-in-

dustrial heritage site.

Translated by

Anna OrchowskaSmolińska

Interdisciplinary research on the example of the former Gdańsk Shipyard 115

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Abstract

Interdisciplinary research as a form of monument protection and preparation for the investment process

on the example of the former Gdańsk Shipyard complex

The subject that is discussed in the article is a multidisciplinary study of a post-industrial building complex, which was carried out on the site

of the former Gdańsk Shipyard. Its authors prove that in the case of complex objects of post-industrial heritage, the use of traditional schemes of

description, assessment and valuation of a monument consisting in distinguishing primary and secondary materials for individual elements of the

complex has serious limitations. Based on these experiences, the article presents a research model for an industrial complex that is a special example

of a heritage site for which the oldest cultural layers do not constitute its greatest value. The authors of the article set themselves the goal of present-

ing the research method they created, based on strict adaptation to the specicity of the facility by means of, among others, recognition of the way

it works, and especially the technological processes of the plant in the 1970s and 1980s, a period that had a special impact on the constitution of its

status as an object of outstanding values. One of the procedures used in the research was the inclusion of specialists from the shipbuilding industry,

historically associated with this particular industrial plant, in the work of the team. This allowed for a more complete identication of the resource in

terms of technology and historically used production methods, as well as setting the framework for its protection and creating a conservation concept.

The summary of the article presents the potential of using the presented research model in the design process on the example of an industrial facility

prepared for the investment process (former Main Warehouse, the so-called U-Boat Hall).

Key words: architectural and conservation documentation, conservation guidelines, colour pattern, adaptation of post-industrial monuments, Gdańsk

Shipyard

Streszczenie

Interdyscyplinarne badania jako forma ochrony zabytków i przygotowania do procesu inwestycyjnego

na przykładzie zespołu dawnej Stoczni Gdańskiej

Wielowarstwowe dziedzictwo działających do końca XX w. zakładów przemysłowych stwarza szczególne wyzwanie dla konserwatorów, pro-

jektantów i inwestorów. W procesie ochrony jego wartości, eksponowania walorów i zarządzania dobrem konieczne jest szersze rozpoznanie prze-

kształceń technologii całego zakładu i poszczególnych funkcji jego budynków, ale też kontekstu niematerialnego dziedzictwa. Przykładem złożonego

zespołu zabudowy zabytkowej jest dawna Stocznia Gdańska. Tematem artykułu są interdyscyplinarne badania kompleksu stoczni, w trakcie których

opracowano metodę badawczą bazującą na kilku skalach analiz (w relacji z miastem, zespołem i obiektem). Oparto ją na dogłębnym rozpoznaniu

sposobu działania stoczni w latach 70. i 80. XX w. Tamten czas ze względu na strajki robotnicze na terenie zakładu i powstanie NSZZ „Solidarność”

miał szczególny wpływ na ukonstytuowanie się jej statusu jako dobra o wybitnych wartościach. Autorzy postawili sobie za cel zaprezentować wyniki

szczegółowych badań zasobów kulturowych stoczni, do których włączono specjalistów branży stoczniowej historycznie związanych z tym konkret-

nym zakładem przemysłowym. W rezultacie powstały wieloaspektowe wytyczne konserwatorskie służące do wyznaczania ram ochrony zasobów

kulturowych stoczni, prowadzenia na jej terenie prac konserwatorskich i inwestycyjnych (wzornik materiałów i barw). W podsumowaniu artykułu

przedstawiono potencjał wykorzystania prezentowanego modelu badawczego w procesie projektowym na przykładzie obiektu przemysłowego przy-

gotowywanego do procesu inwestycyjnego (dawny Magazyn Główny, tzw. Hala U-Bootów).

Słowa kluczowe: dokumentacja architektoniczno-konserwatorska, wytyczne konserwatorskie, wzornik kolorystyczny, adaptacja zabytków poprze-

mysłowych, Stocznia Gdańska