Restoration of medieval gords on the example of the “in the meadows” gord in Wiślica: a case study

Dominik Przygodzki, Magda Szarkowska

doi:10.37190/arc230204

Abstract

This paper presents a case study of the revalorisation of the gord “in the meadows” in Wiślica. The authors present design issues related to the archaeological-architectural site. The administrative and legal processes that resulted in the implementation of a restoration plan for a building under statutory conservation are illustrated. The paper presents design decisions made on the basis of collected information, archaeological findings, conservation guidelines, administrative permits and conservatorial constraints. The solutions adopted to preserve the priceless historical value of the site, while making it accessible to tourists and researchers, are explained and presented.

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2023

2(74)

Dominik Przygodzki*, Magda Szarkowska**

Restoration of medieval gords on the example

of the “in the meadows” Gord in Wiślica: a case study

Introduction

In Poland, there are many instances of traces of set-

tlement left by dierent cultures. These include, among

others, relics from the prehistoric period, i.e. settlements

of the Lusatian culture, early medieval remains of Slav-

ic settlements or structures from the time of the estab-

lishment and existence of the Polish state. Gords, which

are part of the history of settlement, due to their struc-

ture, are distinctive and mostly easily identiable in the

landscape, while also excellently blending in with their

surroundings. Due to scant information about them and

little public knowledge concerning them, they are often

confused with natural geological formations. In Poland

we have more than 2.500 examples of recorded gords,

most of which are under statutory conservation, e.g., in

the form of archaeological preserves [1]. The inadequate

marking of these sites in space, combined with a lack of

widespread information, results in little public interest

and, consequently, in monuments becoming forgotten and

falling into disrepair. This contributes to a lack of atten-

tion to history and the upholding of values associated with

cultural heritage.

In recent years, there has been a marked increase in in-

terest in revitalising and revalorising the remains of medie-

val structures, including gords, together with their immedi-

ate surroundings. The overarching aim of these measures is

to protect monuments and provide public, attractive access

to the cultural heritage, as well as to develop social and

regional awareness and identity. The skilful maintenance

of monuments allows the site to be made accessible to the

public, while emphasising its educational value, in a way

that protects its historical value and prevents damage. As

a result, society is becoming more aware, but also more

discerning in its search for specialist knowledge.

Despite the increasing number of examples of the re-

vitalisation of gords, preparing design documentation and

carrying out projects still face numerous diculties and

requirements. Funding such projects is often marginalised

by local governments, which allocate funds in their bud-

gets to other, more pressing needs. The areas on which the

gords are located are often privately owned and, conse-

quently, there are instances of damage through agricultural

cultivation. Informed local authorities are making eorts to

reclaim these areas and implement procedures to start their

restoration as soon as possible. Structures such as gords,

which are nationally and continentally unique monuments,

when restored, contribute signicantly to social and eco-

nomic activity, including increasing tourist trac in a giv-

en region. One example of such a process is the Karpacka

Troja archaeological open-air museum in Trzcinica, whose

main element are the remains of a gord. Łukasz Śpiewla

stated that the local population is fully aware of the open-

air museum, as are tourists who come here in large num-

bers from various parts of the country and abroad, whose

number reached around 60 thousand in 2011 [2]. Gords

and their surroundings are beginning to transform from

land forms that are often decayed and generate material

loss, into spaces that bring prot and that sport well-exhib-

ited rampart forms enhanced with information about their

history. Such measures make these facilities more nan-

cially independent of state administrative resources. There

is no clear-cut concept for the revitalisation of medieval

gord remains. Each site, by virtue of its location, state of

preservation, legal status, the state of knowledge about it,

the way it is developed, must be considered individually.

DOI: 10.37190/arc230204

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

* ORCID: 0000-0002-0943-4556. Faculty of Architecture, Cra-

cow University of Technology, Poland, e-mail: dominik.przygodzki@

pk.edu.pl

** ORCID: 0000-0003-4225-5338. Doctoral School, Cracow Uni-

versity of Technology, Poland.

42 Dominik Przygodzki, Magda Szarkowska

Nevertheless, there are general principles that should be

followed. The authors of this paper discuss the develop-

ment of the gord “in the meadows” in Wiślica, as related

to the accessibility of the site to visitors in the context of

the constraints arising from the impossibility of interfering

with the historical fabric.

In situ exposition of gords,

on the example of the gord in Wiślica

The debate on the appropriateness of reconstructing

gords is still ongoing. There are both supporters and oppo-

nents of this form of spatial visualisation among specialists

in the eld. The International Charter for the Protection

and Management of the Archaeological Heritage, the so-

called Lausanne Charter of 1989, states that The presen-

tation of the archaeological heritage to the general pub-

lic is an essential method of promoting an understanding

of the origins and development of modern societies. […]

Where possible and appropriate, reconstructions should

not be built immediately on the archaeological remains,

and should be identiable as such [3, p. 12]. According to

Michał Pawleta, two basic forms of reconstruction should

be distinguished – preserves and archaeological parks. An

archaeological preserve is a faithful reconstruction devel-

oped on the site of an excavation, while an archaeological

park is a reconstruction of structures or a demonstration

of ancient building techniques developed on any site.

The preserve is of academic and natural value, yet its pri-

mary role is to protect and publicly share archaeological

heritage. Meanwhile, the main purpose of archaeologi-

cal parks is entertainment, recreation and education [4].

There are known examples of gords whose condition and

extent of surviving relics have allowed the development

of a reliable reconstruction. In Poland, one such site is

the Archaeological Museum in Biskupin, which presents

a reconstruction of a defensive settlement from the turn of

the Bronze and Iron Ages. Another interesting example is

the reconstruction of a settlement located on an island in

Lake Āraiši, in what is now Latvia, some 80 km north-east

of Riga. Due to numerous archaeological discoveries and

extensive research by Jānis Apals in the 1960s and 1970s,

the remains of ancient houses, many artefacts and pieces

of pottery were found. This provided in-depth insight into

how the gord was built and how it functioned. This made

it possible to arrive at a credible reconstruction of a set-

tlement that functioned in the 9

century. The buildings

were erected using carpentry techniques, with attention to

historical detail and the use of natural materials [5].

Wiślica is a unique medieval town

rich in numerous

historical buildings. It is located in south-eastern Po-

land, in the picturesque Nida Valley, in what is now the

Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. Today Wiślica is one of the

smaller towns in Poland [6]

. A short distance from its

centre, on an outcrop of gypsum rock, there is an early

It was granted town rights in 1326.

In 2018, it was given title of the smallest city in Poland, with

a population of 503.

medieval gord known as “in the meadows” (Fig. 1). It

is covered by statutory conservation via a listing in the

logical investigations of the site have been carried out

on several occasions. In the years 1949–1960, archaeo-

logical investigation was carried out as part of a broad

research programme of the so-called millennium studies

led by Włodzimierz Antoniewicz and Zoa Wartołow ska

[7]. They were focused, among other things, on identi-

fying the techniques used to build the ramparts in the

north and west sections. The study of the gord was revis-

ited several more times by Dorota Górna, Joanna Kalaga

and Zbigniew Pianowski and in 1996–1998 by Waldemar

Gliński, whose aim was to identify the construction tech-

nique of the eastern line of fortications [8], [9]. At the

beginning of May 2021, archaeological work once again

began on the gord, led by Nina Glińska on behalf of the

Voivodeship Conservator of Monuments in Kielce. The

aim of the non-invasive geophysical survey was to dene

the boundaries of the entire complex and to understand

the construction of its ramparts. The form of the gord is

well preserved and legible in the terrain. Unfortunately,

its current state can be assessed as “neglected”. The site

is overgrown with trees, self-sown plants and weeds, and

there are mounds in the eastern part of the site which are

the remains of former archaeological investigations. The

municipality of Wiślica has made eorts to restructure the

gord together with the adjacent area

and to make the site

accessible to the public by carrying out its revalorisation.

Pursuant to the applicable Ustawa z dnia 23 lipca 2003 r.

o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami [Monument

Protection and Preservation Act], […] the protection of

monuments consists, in particular, of ensuring legal, or-

ganisational and nancial conditions that enable the per-

manent preservation of monuments and their development

and maintenance, and the preservation of a monument

consists, in particular, in popularising and disseminat-

ing knowledge about the monument and its signicance

for history and culture [10, art. 4, 5]. It is clear from the

quoted sections of the Act that the owner of a monument

is obligated to make the site available to the public and at

the same time ensure its survival for future generations.

The protection of gords consists, among other things, of

preventing further damage to the site, […] because, re-

gardless of its state of preservation, the form that has sur-

vived to our times is part of the historical fabric and is

subject to conservation [11, p. 274]. The restoration of

gords is always a challenge for the designer. Adaptive re-

use, associated with opening the site to visitors, must be

performed without interfering with the historical tissue of

the relic. Another consideration is the presence of the ar-

chaeological site in the cultural landscape, of which gords

are a prime example. The relationship of architectural and

urban heritage to the landscape is emphasised by the so-

called Krakow Charter of 2000, whose authors stated that

Landscapes […] are testimony to the evolving relation-

Initially, the site extended beyond the boundary of the plot of land

on which the gord was located.

Restoration of medieval gords 43

ship of communities, individuals and their environment.

[…] It is important to understand and respect the charac-

ter of landscapes, and apply appropriate laws and norms

to harmonize relevant territorial functions with essential

values. In many societies, landscapes are historically re-

lated to urban territories and inuences [12, p. 137].

The landscape of Wiślica should be placed under spe-

cial protection not only because the town’s location on the

charming River Nida is exceptionally picturesque. Most

importantly, Wiślica is located in an area protected under

the Natura 2000 programme, and within the boundaries

of the Nadnidziański Landscape Park [13]. The area has

retained exceptional natural landscape features as it is

still not intensively populated or urbanised. The necessity

of introducing new elements to enable safe and eective

as well as interesting visits to the site is connected with

a construction project at the gord. A compromise has to

be found that reconciles the needs of the tourist with the

obligation to protect the historical site, while respecting

the needs and customs of the local community, and using

engineering solutions that make it possible to minimise

interference with the archaeological layers of the gord.

Revalorisation objectives and presumptions

The Municipality of Wiślica has developed Revitalisa-

tion Programme 2016–2025 for the Municipality of Wiś-

li ca, which aimed to address the low socio-economic

de ve lopment of the region. Measures were taken to cre-

ate a new tourist product – a historical and tourist trail

that would lead to the early medieval gord. The planned

project involved the refurbishment and restoration of the

gord [14]. The revitalisation project was expected to con-

tribute to the establishment of new businesses, new jobs,

and to increase the number of tourists visiting Wiślica. In

advance, in 2005, the municipality, in consultation with

the Voivodeship Oce for the Protection of Monuments

in Kielce, issued a public project siting decision [15]. In

2018, thanks to the eorts of the then mayor Stanisław

Krzak, Wiślica regained its urban status, and the President

of the Republic of Poland recognised the collegiate church

complex of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, to-

gether with the relics of the church of St. Nicholas and the

Wiślica gord, as a Monument to History [16]. In the same

year, the municipality of Wiślica announced a competition

for an urban and architectural design proposal for the proj-

ect entitled Thousand-Year-Old Wiślica – in the footsteps

of splendour – establishment of the “Through the Prehis-

tory of Christian Wiślica” tourist route. The competition

was to select the best entry, which would become a basis

for the preparation of further technical documentation.

Following this, a conceptual design was drafted, which, as

per the competition’s scope, included the adaptation of the

site for tourist trac, the restoration of the original angle of

the ramparts and their elevation, the refurbishment of the

main square and the rampart, the clearing of unnecessary

greenery, the introduction of footpaths with educational

elements, reconstructing the gate, the former buildings of

the gord and the partial restoration of the palisade (Figs. 2,

3) [17, p. 6]. As a result of

approvals of the planned proj-

ect with administrative bodies, the Voivodeship Oce for

the Protection of Monuments in Kielce and the National

Institute of Cultural Heritage (NID) issued their opinions

and recommendations. The documents are a response to

a design proposal developed by Arche-con, a Krakow-

based architectural studio. Both documents conrm that

Fig. 1. Gord “in the meadows” in Wiślica, aerial view (photo by D. Przygodzki, 2018)

Il. 1. Grodzisko „na łąkach” w Wiślicy, widok z lotu ptaka (fot. D. Przygodzki, 2018)

44 Dominik Przygodzki, Magda Szarkowska

damage the preserved historical substance of the site [18].

The guidelines […] indicate the principle of maximum re-

spect for the original substance of the monument and all

its values, the principle of minimum necessary interfer-

ence (refraining from unnecessary actions). These princi-

ples correspond with the 1989 International Charter for

the Protection and Management of the Archaeological

Heritage, which stipulates, among other things, that re-

constructed structures should not be implemented directly

as a part of authentic sites – archaeological monuments

[19, p. 2]. The authors of both opinions emphasise that

the Wiślica gord is one of the most important sites related

to the formation of Polish statehood and deserves world-

class presentation. Following discussions with representa-

tives of the Voivodeship Monument Protection Oce in

Kielce, Arche-con created a design which combines the

expectations of the municipality’s representatives with the

assumptions and requirements of the decision-making in-

stitutions (Fig. 4).

Proposed technical solutions

The restoration of the gord was divided into two phases.

The rst stage involved the clearing of the rampart and

yard from excess greenery, primarily low, wild bushes,

which disrupted the perception of the outline of the ram-

part crest, as well as the incline and form of the rampart

itself. The trees at the foot of the rampart on its outer side

will be retained as their crowns are well above the rampart

crest and do not obstruct it. The former archaeological ex-

cavations left over from the period of archaeological ex-

ploration in the 1960s and 1970s will be backlled, while

the excavated soil will be spread over the surface of the

the initiative to create a historical and educational tourist

route that will highlight the monuments of Wiślica and con-

tribute to the attractiveness of the area is justied. Howev-

er, the most relevant guidelines concerned the gord. Both

institutions considered it benecial, indeed necessary, to

work on refurbishing the main yard and the rampart after

the previous archaeological investigations. On the other

hand, the proposal for the partial reconstruction of the for-

mer gord buildings was assessed negatively, and it was

argued that this would displace other monuments that are

more conducive to preserving the most highly valued his-

toric values, i.e., authenticity of substance and form. In its

opinion, the NID negatively assessed measures to correct

the rampart, which would change the form of the gord and

Fig. 2. Gord “in the meadows” in Wiślica, competition design (elaborated by Arche-con, 2018)

Il. 2. Grodzisko „na łąkach” w Wiślicy, projekt konkursowy (oprac. Arche-con, 2018)

Fig. 3. Conceptual design of the restoration of the gord

“in the meadows”. The restoration of a stylised gate and palisade

on the rampart crest (elaborated by Arche-con, 2019)

Il. 3. Projekt ideowy rewaloryzacji grodziska „na łąkach”.

Restytucja na koronie wału symbolicznie stylizowanej bramy

wraz z palisadą (oprac. Arche-con, 2019)

Restoration of medieval gords 45

yard. Remnants of former excavations are located on the

eastern part of the gord yard and on the eastern rampart.

The work will be carried out under close archaeological

supervision and using a metal detector to check for hidden

artefacts in the excavated soil. The aim of this measure is

to secure the cultural layers exposed in the archaeological

proles, to improve the appearance of the gord by making

its preserved form more legible, and to make the site safe

for use by partially levelling the surface of the yard and

the eastern rampart while maintaining its present form and

natural relief. The second phase of the project involves the

introduction of a small buer layer of a few centimetres

on the yard and on the crest of the rampart in the form of

new turf evenly distributed in a way that does not interfere

with the current form of the gord, i.e., its shape, angle of

inclination and height of the rampart (Fig. 5). The buer

zone will allow new timbers to be laid in a way that does

not interfere with the protected authentic historic layer of

the gord. In the interior of the gord, the course of foot-

paths will be replicated, in accordance with the concept

developed by Tomasz Sajecki [20]. In the area of the yard

and on the crest of the rampart, pedestrian circulation will

take place along free-form, irregular wooden paths de-

signed in the form of transverse wooden planks attached

to longitudinal joists. This structure will be laid on top

of the buer layer to protect the archaeological layers

(Fig. 6). The locations of the original gord buildings will

be highlighted by wooden platforms, slightly raised above

ground level, placed in the actual locations of the exposed

buildings [21]. The dimensions of the platforms will cor-

respond to the actual size of the discovered objects [22]. It

is planned to include 21 platforms made using traditional

carpentry techniques. Planks measuring 20 × 4 cm will be

xed to 16 × 16 cm wooden mudsills. The structure will

Fig. 4. The final version of

the development project

for the gord area:

A – buffer layer on the rampart

crest and the yard,

B – path,

C – platform,

(elaborated by Arche-con, 2019)

Il. 4. Ostateczna wersja projektu

zagospodarowania terenu grodziska:

A – warstwa buforowa na koronie

wału oraz majdanie,

B – ścieżka,

C – podest,

(oprac. Arche-con, 2019)

be xed in the ground using steel picks with a stabilising

plate on a “buer” gravel layer. The symbolic platforms

will be complemented by information boards depicting ar-

chaeological discoveries relating to the site, together with

a description and drawing of its presumed appearance and

function (Fig. 7).

Conclusions

To summarise the information presented in this paper,

it should be emphasised that the concept of developing

the gord “in the meadows” in Wiślica is of key signi-

Fig. 5. A fragment of the gord. Distribution of buffer zones:

A – buffer layer on the rampart crest and the yard,

B – path, C – platform, D – archaeological layers

(elaborated by D. Przygodzki, 2023)

Il. 5. Fragment grodziska. Rozmieszczenie stref buforowych:

A – warstwa buforowa na koronie wału oraz majdanie,

B – ścieżka, C – podest, D – warstwy archeologiczne

(oprac. D. Przygodzki, 2023)

46 Dominik Przygodzki, Magda Szarkowska

cance for more than just the region itself. In the cited de-

sign of the development of the gord, it was possible to

develop a shared, satisfactory vision of the scope of the

site’s revalorisation. Technical solutions were proposed

to make the site accessible and visitable, while preserv-

ing its priceless historical value for future generations of

researchers. By introducing several centimetres of buer

layer, tourist trac outside the designated paths will not

expose the gord to damage. The adopted form of the new

elements, which does not directly suggest the shapes of

the presumed structures located on the gord site, allows

for reinterpretations of current and future architectural

and archaeological research, leaving the possibility for

Fig. 7. A platform symbolising the gord’s development:

A – platform, B – buffer layer on the yard,

C – steel pin with stabilising plate on the “buffer” gravel layer,

D – archaeological layers, E – information board

(elaborated by D. Przygodzki, 2023)

Il. 7. Podest symbolizujący zabudowę grodziska:

A – podest, B – warstwa buforowa na majdanie,

C – stalowy szpikulec z płytką stabilizującą

na „buforowej” warstwie żwirowej, D – warstwy archeologiczne,

E – tablica informacyjna (oprac. D. Przygodzki, 2023)

Fig. 6. Wooden path (elaborated by Arche-con, 2019)

Il. 6. Ścieżka drewniana (oprac. Arche-con, 2019)

further projects intended to popularise and protect the site.

The solutions adopted are aligned with sustainability prin-

ciples. The measures taken will have a positive impact on

the local community, as not only the economic, but also

the social and cultural situation of Wiślica will be pos-

itively changed with the provision of access to cultural

heritage. The project to develop the gord is currently un-

derway. The selected construction contractor is making

preparations for the project.

Zbigniew Kobyliński wrote of cultural heritage: […] al-

though it consists of the creations of the past, it is to a large

extent a product of the present; it is a contemporary social

construct, attributed in a continuous process of change

to ever-new phenomena from the past [23, p. 1141]. Any

projects carried out on historic buildings provide a link

between the past and the present, including by their adap-

tive reuse, for instance as a museum. There are numerous

projects that feature providing visitors access to a gord,

such as the reconstruction of the Owidz 11

-century gord

[24]. Reconstructions erected at original sites often meet

with disapproval from historians and archaeologists, due to

the lack of sucient and reliable archaeological research.

In the opinion of the authors, the tendency to gradually

move away from erecting reconstructions and the design

of structures that are typically insuciently based on ar-

chitectural and archaeological ndings, is correct. Instead,

it becomes more benecial to use the latest media technol-

ogies. They enable digital reconstructions to be made and

a virtual model to be built in augmented reality. They allow

the resulting image to be adjusted as new ndings emerge,

so as to ensure compliance with up-to-date knowledge.

Translated by

Krzysztof Barnaś

Restoration of medieval gords 47

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References

Abstract

Restoration of medieval gords on the example of the “in the meadows” gord in Wiślica: a case study

This paper presents a case study of the revalorisation of the gord “in the meadows” in Wiślica. The authors present design issues related to the

archaeological-architectural site. The administrative and legal processes that resulted in the implementation of a restoration plan for a building under

statutory conservation are illustrated. The paper presents design decisions made on the basis of collected information, archaeological ndings, con-

servation guidelines, administrative permits and conservatorial constraints. The solutions adopted to preserve the priceless historical value of the site,

while making it accessible to tourists and researchers, are explained and presented.

Key words: architecture, revalorisation, Wiślica, conservation of monuments, gord

Streszczenie

Problematyka rewaloryzacji grodzisk średniowiecznych. Grodzisko „na łąkach” w Wiślicy – studium przypadku

W artykule omówiono studium przypadku rewaloryzacji grodziska „na łąkach” w Wiślicy. Autorzy przedstawili problematykę projektową zwią-

zaną z obiektem archeologiczno-architektonicznym. Ukazali procesy administracyjno-prawne skutkujące wdrożeniem planu rewaloryzacji obiektu

objętego ochroną konserwatorską. W pracy zaprezentowano decyzje projektowe podjęte na podstawie zebranych informacji, badań archeologicz-

48 Dominik Przygodzki, Magda Szarkowska

nych, wytycznych konserwatorskich, uzyskanych pozwoleń oraz ograniczeń natury konserwatorskiej. Wyjaśniono i zaprezentowano przyjęte roz-

wiązania, które pozwalają na zachowanie bezcennej wartości historycznej obiektu, a jednocześnie umożliwiają udostępnienie obiektu zwiedzającym

turystom i badaczom.

Słowa kluczowe: architektura, rewaloryzacja, Wiślica, konserwacja zabytków, grodzisko