The former abbey of Canons Regular of St. Augustine in the context of the city of Żagań

Małgorzata Doroz-Turek

doi:10.5277/arc120210

Abstract

The article presents transformations of the architecture of the former monastery complex of St Augustine Canon Regulars along with a church in Żagań. Since its erection the monastery in question has been connected with the culture of the city where it was founded. The great significance of the preserved monastery complex for Żagań and the community living there is exemplified by the fact that it was entered in the register of historical monuments. The document confirming this fact was signed by president Bronisław Komorowski on 11th March 2011. The article came into existence on the basis of PhD thesis entitled Medieval monastery architecture of Saint Augustine canon regulars in Silesia which was written at the Faculty of Architecture of Wroclaw University of Technology. On the basis of architectural research conducted by the author in the years 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 it was possible to distinguish six medieval construction phases of the monastery complex. A medieval period lasted from the 13th to the 16th century and it was followed by the Renaissance and Baroque. Till the 18th century monumental architecture of the preserved complex with features of the Medieval, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque styles was formed. During these centuries the monastery was not only a leading religious centre but also a scientific one as it was equipped with a scriptorium and a library which in time became one of the biggest libraries in Central Europe. It can be concluded that the activity of the monastery of Saint Augustine canon regulars and an impressive post-monastery architectural layout is inextricably linked with the culture of Żagań.

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Full article

The monastery complex of Canons Regular of St. Au-

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the church as an example of the 14

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structure. On 11

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2012

No. 2(32)

DOI: 10.5277/arc120210

60 0DáJRU]DWD'RUR]7XUHN

The history of Canons Regular of St. Augustine in Me-

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Architectural transformations. Author’s studies and research results

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Middle Ages

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fore the 14

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century are perhaps in the north-

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apparently coming from the northeast corner of the former

structure. On the axis east – west from this architectural

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WKHUH>S@

PHASE II A-1. Stage II of the Gothic phase

(beginning of the 14

century)

Construction of the monastery complex itself as well

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WRWKH¿UVWKDOIRIWKH

century. The presbytery walls

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century. There is

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century rooms in the eastern wing or at most by means

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In the 14

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fact of earlier erection of the tower from the southern aisle

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original church.

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FURVVLQJWKHUHDUHSUHVHUYHGNH\VWRQHVLQWKHVKDSHRIPH-

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DVWDLUFDVHZDVORFDWHG±.6ZKLFKZDVDYHUWLFDOFRP-

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RIWKHPRQDVWHU\DQG WR WKHGRUPLWRU\ZKLFKZDVRULJL-

QDOO\VLWXDWHGWKHUHPRVWSUREDEO\WKH¿UVWÀRRUZDVWKHQ

PDGHRIZRRG

Along with construction of the eastern wing from the

ZHVWHUQ DQG QRUWKHUQ VLGH RI WKH FKXUFK D JDOOHU\ ZDV

EXLOW7KHSUHVHUYHGVRXWKHDVWJDOOHU\FRUQHUZDVEXLOWDW

WKDWWLPH±,,.)LJLWZDVSUREDEO\FORVHGIURPDOO

VLGHVGXULQJWKHQH[WSKDVHIRUPLQJDQLQWHULRUJDUWK2QH

VTXDUHVSDQRIWKHRULJLQDO

FHQWXU\JDOOHU\LVURRIHG

E\DFORLVWHUYDXOW±DFURVVULEEHGRQHZLWKVWRQHSUR¿OHG

LQWHUVSDQULEVDQGEXWWUHVVHV FORVHGRJLYDOO\ZLWK DGH-

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RSHQHGWRWKHFORLVWHUJDUWKE\PHDQVRIRJLYDODUFDGHV

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IRXQGLQWKHDUHDRIWKHZHVWHUQZDOO±0)LJQH[WWR

the southeast corner.

At the same time when the eastern wing was built also

EXLOGLQJVRQWKHZHVWHUQVLGHRIWKHFRPSOH[ZKLFKZDV

RQWKHORZHUOHYHOZHUHHUHFWHG7KHUHIRUHWKHVWUXFWXUHV

EXLOWKHUHGXULQJWKHVHFRQGEXLOGLQJSKDVH±LQWKH

FHQWXU\±ZHUHVLWXDWHGORZHUPRVWSUREDEO\LWZDVDWWKH

WXUQRIWKH

FHQWXU\WKDWWKHWHUUDLQZDVOHYHOOHG

$VWKHUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHLQWKH¿UVWSDUWRIWKH

FHQWXU\PRVWSUREDEO\RQWKHZHVWHUQVLGHDQDEERWSDODFH

ZDVEXLOWZKRVHUHOLFVZHUHHQFRXQWHUHGXQGHUJURXQGRQ

WKH OHYHO± P7KH EXLOGLQJ DVVRFLDWHGZLWK WKH DE-

ERWSDODFHZDVEXLOWRIOD\HUHG¿HOGVWRQHVLPLODUO\WRWKH

SUHVE\WHU\DQGEXLOGLQJVFRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHFDVWOH7KHUH

LVDQRWKHUVWUXFWXUHGDWHGIURPWKHVDPHSHULRGZKLFKLV

DOVRSUHVHUYHGLQWKHRXWOLQHRIWKHEDVHPHQWURRP2QWKH

OHYHORI±WKHUHOLFVRIVWRQHZDOOVEHORQJWRDURRP

ZLWKXQVSHFL¿HGIXQFWLRQVSHUKDSVLWZDVDQDEERWNLWFK-

en.

7KHQH[WVWUXFWXUHZKLFKLVVLWXDWHGPRUHWRWKHQRUWK

LVDEXLOGLQJRIDZLQWHUUHIHFWRU\ZKLFKZDVHUHFWHGGXU-

LQJWKH¿UVWKDOIRIWKH

century. This structure is pre-

VHUYHGLQWKHRXWOLQHRIWKHZDOOVRIWKHSUHVHQWEDVHPHQW

URRPRQWKHOHYHORI±

In the monastery chronicle there is also a mention of

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FHQWXU\GXULQJWKHWLPHVRI$EERW7UXGZLQDQGLWZDV

VLWXDWHGWRWKHHDVWRIWKHDEERWSDODFHEHWZHHQWKLVEXLOG-

LQJDQGWKHZLQWHUUHIHFWRU\

)URPWKH PRQDVWHU\VRXUFHVLW LVNQRZQWKDW DURXQG

WKHPLGGOHRIWKH

century the monastery complex in

ĩDJDĔ DSDUW IURP WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG IXQFWLRQV FRP-

SULVHG D ZHOO GHYHORSHG PRQDVWHU\ VFKRRO DQG D OLEUDU\

DORQJZLWKDVFULSWRULXP>SS@

PHASE IIB – 2. Gothic stage (mid and second half

of the 14

century)

'XULQJWKHVHFRQGSDUWRIWKH

century construction

RIWKHELJJHUFKXUFKZDVFRQWLQXHG%XLOGLQJZRUNVRQWKH

SUHVE\WHU\ZHUHDOVRFDUULHGRXWWKH\ZHUHVWLOOFRQWLQXHG

LQ>S@DQGLQ>SS±SS

±@

7KHSUHVE\WHU\ZDVEXLOW±URRP,RQWKHSURMHFWLRQ

RI WKH HORQJDWHG UHFWDQJOH FORVHG VWUDLJKW IURP WKH HDVW

)LJ7KHZKROHLQWHULRUZDVGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHVSDQV

VLPLODUWRDVTXDUHDQGFRYHUHGZLWKDVWHOODUYDXOWZLWK

GLDJRQDOVDQGZLWKSUR¿OHGULEVJRLQJGRZQWRWKHFDQWLOH-

YHUVWZR*RWKLFFDQWLOHYHUVDUHSUHVHUYHGLQERWKHDVWHUQ

FRUQHUVRIWKHSUHVE\WHU\7KHIRUPRIWKHYDXOWDVZHOODV

WKHDXWKHQWLFFDQWLOHYHUVVKRZVW\OLVWLFIHDWXUHVZKLFKDUH

W\SLFDORIWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKH

century. The interior of

WKHFKRLULVOLJKWHGZLWK¿YHZLQGRZVRULJLQDOO\SHUKDSV

VHYHQZLQGRZVZHUHVLWXDWHGRQWKHD[LVRIVSDQV)URP

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WKH RSHQLQJV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH VHFRQG EXLOGLQJ SKDVH

ZHUHRULJLQDOO\KLJKHUWKDQWKHSUHVHQWRQHVQDPHO\WKH\

ZHUH ZLGHO\ VSOD\HG RQ ERWK VLGHV FORVHG RJLYDOO\ DQG

GLYLGHGE\WUDFHU\

2QWKHH[WHULRUWKHSUHVE\WHU\SDUWEXWWUHVVHGV\VWHP

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PHASE IV – Gothic (after 1439 – second half

RIWKH

century)

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church.

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3+$6(9±*RWKLFHQGRIWKH

century

– beginning of the 16

century)

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two aisles.

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we can assume a hypothesis that the eastern part was built

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rate rooms.

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ning of the 16

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/HYHOLQJ RI WKH WHUUDLQ PDGH LW SRVVLEOH WR LQWHJUDWH

DOOWKHIRUPHUEXLOGLQJVZLWKWKHQHZRQHVLQWRWKHZHVW-

HUQZLQJZKLFKZDVFRQQHFWHGRQWKHOHYHORIWKHSUHVHQW

EDVHPHQWE\DJDOOHU\URRP,,,.ZLWK WKH FKXUFKDQG

the northern wing. It was then that an internal monastery

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$VDUHVXOWRIOHYHOLQJRIWKHWHUUDLQWKHVRIDUEDVH-

PHQWRIWKHH[LVWLQJEXLOGLQJVRQWKHZHVWHUQVLGHRIWKH

PRQDVWHU\FRPSOH[ZKLFKZDVEXLOWGXULQJWKH¿UVWPHGL-

DHYDOEXLOGLQJSKDVHVZDVXQGHUWKHJURXQG7KHVHURRPV

FDQ EH UHFRJQL]HG E\ WKH EULFNHG XS ZLQGRZ RSHQLQJV

ZKLFKRULJLQDOO\SURYLGHGWKHPZLWKGD\OLJKW

Summary

7KHSUHVHUYHGPRQDVWHU\FRPSOH[KDVDJUHDWVLJQL¿-

FDQFHIRU ĩDJDĔDQGWKH FRPPXQLW\OLYLQJ WKHUHZKLFK

FDQEHH[HPSOL¿HGE\WKHIDFWWKDWRQ

March 2011 the

ROGFRPSOH[RIEXLOGLQJVZDVJUDQWHGWKHWLWOHRIKLVWRUL-

FDOPRQXPHQWE\WKH3UHVLGHQWRIWKH5HSXEOLFRI3RODQG

%URQLVáDZ.RPRURZVNL

7UDQVODWHGE\

%RJXVáDZ6HWNRZLF]

References

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