The Głogów Cathedral and the Głogów Archaeological Museum

Ernest Niemczyk

doi:10.37190/arc230411

Abstract

This outline is an attempt to show the beginnings of the wide-ranging archaeological and architectural research of the Old Town of Głogów, almost completely destroyed as a result of the defense of Festung Glogau in 1945, carried out under the leadership of Professor Tadeusz Kozaczewski, in which the author participated since his studies at the Faculty of Architecture of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology. He shows the changing role of the architect in the research process; from a romantic explorer and discoverer – in the likeness of Winckelmann or Schliemann – to the head of a large, interdisciplinary research team and chief coordinator of the documentation work. It focuses on a forgotten episode in the research on the chancel of St. Peter’s Church, when numerous burials of prehistoric and medieval chronology were discovered. It became a pretext for re-presenting the discovery along with the archaeological context. As a long-time educator, the author draws attention to the need to conduct and constantly improve methods of interdisciplinary research and systematically verify findings with representatives of other sciences.

Keywords:
article
memories
głogów
archaeology
architecture
middle ages

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2024

1(77)

Ernest Niemczyk*

Romantic and enthusiast or an architect in excavations

Archaeological beginnings or about

the advantages of the stratigraphic method

Głogów became the place of my rst experiences in

the eld of archaeological and architectural research. The

studies on the beginnings of this town, which was impor-

tant for the history of Silesia and the Polish Middle Ages,

were carried out by German [1]–[7] and Polish [8]–[35]

researchers for many years and I participated in them dur-

ing a relatively short period, i.e., in the years 1964–1968.

These were annual four-month cycles of works which

lasted from June to the end of September and used a break

period in academic teaching. It was there that I found out

how crucial the awareness of responsibility for the entire

process of archaeological exploration is during such re-

search. The successively uncovered layers, whose content

DOI: 10.37190/arc240111

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

is accurately recorded, must be removed in order to reach

the layers below. It resembles reading a book, whose sub-

sequent pages, after reading them, are removed because

this is the only way you can get further and read the next

ones. It is therefore a destructive method. This peculiarity

requires great accuracy and reliability because subsequent

researchers will only rely on our data records as well as

on the information contained in artifacts in museums. Ar-

chaeological research, although seemingly only ancillary

to works of architecture, remains the domain of archaeol-

ogists who are supposed to determine key facts regarding

these architectural works.

The author of these words, who studied at the Fac-

ulty of Architecture of Wrocław University of Science

and Technology in the years 1959–1965, recalls here his

rst encounter with the already advanced architectural

and archaeological research precisely in the Old Town

of Głogów [11], [12], [15]–[21]. Being a lover of his-

tory since the high school time, I was confronted there

with something that I had only briey encountered dur-

ing my studies. This was a cursory look at the current

* Faculty of Architecture, Wrocław University of Science

and Technology, Poland, e-mail: ernest.niemczyk@pwr.edu.pl

Abstract

This outline is an attempt to show the beginnings of the wide-ranging archaeological and architectural research of the Old Town of Głogów,

almost completely destroyed as a result of the defense of Festung Glogau in 1945, carried out under the leadership of Professor Tadeusz Kozaczewski,

in which the author participated since his studies at the Faculty of Architecture of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology. He shows the

changing role of the architect in the research process; from a romantic explorer and discoverer – in the likeness of Winckelmann or Schliemann – to

the head of a large, interdisciplinary research team and chief coordinator of the documentation work. It focuses on a forgotten episode in the research

on the chancel of St. Peter’s Church, when numerous burials of prehistoric and medieval chronology were discovered. It became a pretext for re-pre-

senting the discovery along with the archaeological context. As a long-time educator, the author draws attention to the need to conduct and constant-

ly improve methods of interdisciplinary research and systematically verify findings with representatives of other sciences.

Key words: Głogów, archaeology, architecture, Middle Ages

Wspomnienia / Memories

1(77)/2024

86 Ernest Niemczyk

archaeological research in the area of the Old Town in

Wrocław only; the works were carried out by Professor

Józef Kaźmierczyk at that time (1926–1993). Then, just

like today, a student was burdened with a lot of historical

facts and supposed to know transformations of architec-

tural forms in great detail. It had its justication in the

century or even a little longer. After all, they were

used in architectural design. It ended with forced, there-

fore imminently outdated socialist realism after World

War II. Architecture was to present national forms which

had socialist contents. At present, the only justication

for an expert knowledge of the full range of historical

forms is the profession of a conservator-restorer who

deals with the protection of monuments, although it is the

architect who meets tough competition from both profes-

sional conservators and art historians. Hence, such a cur-

rent appeal to draw attention in the didactic process not

only to the encyclopaedic knowledge of facts, but above

all to the research methodology itself and therefore an

independent individual analysis of stratication in archi-

tectural structures, similarly like in the case of archae-

ological stratigraphy. And it is a dicult art, yet at the

same time very much needed.

I came into contact with architectural research, which was

connected with limited in its scope archaeological works

and also with the conservation of the discovered architec-

tural structures, as early as July 1962, while participating in

the inventory measurements of the castle in Iłża. Measure-

ments were made possible thanks to the gradually revealed

outlines of the main walls of this structure, which remained

in illegible ruin at that time. After a two-week practice, Pro-

fessor Jerzy Rozpędowski (1929–2012) who carried out the

works, suggested that someone from the group of students

stay in Iłża to control further actions. I volunteered with-

out much thought. In my new role as work manager, I also

acted as an engineer at the same time because this was the

only way I could maintain authority and obedience among

workers. The works lasted a couple of weeks. During this

time, while keeping an eye on the method of securing the

crown of walls, due to a large cavity in the gate roundel

bastion facing the bridge, I decided to ll this gap in order

to prevent further destruction. In this gap there were trac-

es of an embrasure outlet, which I ordered to ll. For this

purpose, I personally made a centring corresponding to the

conical shape of the outlet of this embrasure. To this day, it

probably “peeks” at the city stretching out at the foot of the

castle with this reconstructed “eye”.

In my fourth year of study, after receiving a research

scholarship, I became a volunteer in the Department of

the History of Universal Architecture, which was then

headed by Professor Tadeusz Broniewski (1894–1976).

At that time I also met Professor Tadeusz Kozaczewski

(1916–1992) who directed me – a history enthusiast – to

participate in the ongoing research in the area of the Old

Town in Głogów. By supervising these works, the Pro-

fessor became my Master and introduced me into the se-

crets of architectural and archaeological research, more

precisely into the skill of the stratigraphic analysis. Even

when I later changed my research interests, the method

I had learned at that time has been successfully applied

by me, proving its eectiveness in relation to diverse re-

search areas and dierent historical eras.

In Głogów, the research was carried out in many places

in the old town area and also on Ostrów Tumski (Cathedral

Island), i.e., in the Collegiate Church which was located

there [29]. I started with a drawing of the discovered stra-

tigraphy, both in vertical and horizontal cross-sections, in

the exposed presbytery of the post-Dominican St. Peter’s

Church (Figs. 1, 2) which was situated in the outer bailey

of the castle. The drawings, which were made on a scale

of 1:10, included stratications dating back to the Neo-

lithic (female burial), then fragments of the Lusatian cul-

ture urn eld, and the graves of church dignitaries, which

were located right in front of the altar. Inside the outline

of the con, the silhouette of the deceased with a large

handful of bones from a Lusatian culture urn placed on his

chest was visible [29, Fig. 87, p. 103]. Shortly thereafter,

I participated in the works which were conducted on the

premises of St. Nicholas’ Parish Church which until now

remains in the form of a permanent ruin [12], [29, p. 115

et seq.]. I made a non-implemented project of its preserva-

tion in ruins right after obtaining my architect’s diploma

on March 15, 1965.

I prepared a rich inventory and stratigraphic drawings,

including reconstructions, which covered all sites, in the

form of large colour boards and with the use of pastels

on the cardboard. They served as illustrations for the na-

tionwide conference which took place in Głogów at that

time. It was attended by many famous archaeologists, his-

torians, and architects. The conference was devoted to the

origins of medieval towns which were often preceded by

pre-foundation settlements. In this case, Głogów was an

example of a model solution of an early urban agglomer-

ation, which was typical of the early Middle Ages. It was

reected by the late Romanesque phases of architecture,

which were discovered in the churches of Głogów, still

surprising today with its scale and quite European-class

architectural detail [16], [17], [20], [29].

The researched structures also included the Głogów

Castle [10], [26], [28]. Its initial phase, which correspond-

ed to the early form of an urban settlement and preceded

the stone perimeter of the castle, was hidden – which was

revealed by a gigantic excavation under the former cas-

tle garden – in the so-called outer bailey. The excavation,

approximately 60 meters long and 6.5 meters deep, ran

across the existing slope of the terrain. It revealed subse-

quent stratications, i.e., from a row of graves of Wehr-

macht soldiers (plundered by unknown perpetrators at

night) to the relics of a once powerful wooden and earth

embankment covered with a thick coat of clay. In order

to record the stratigraphy at the bottom of this excava-

tion, I drew it while hanging upside down hoping that the

excavation would not suddenly collapse. It could have

turned the author of these words into another relic deter-

mining the exact time of deposition of the stratications

constituting the ll of the excavation we had made. Out

of the numerous archaeologists attending the nationwide

conference, only the aged Professor Józef Kostrzewski

(1885–1969), the doyen of Polish archaeology, descended

into this excavation at that time.

Romantic and enthusiast or an architect in excavations 87

The described research was overseen by the then Pro-

vincial Conservator Stanisław Kowalski MSc [12], where-

as the archaeological conservator from whom I learned

a lot was Edward Dąbrowski MSc (1921–2007), also from

Zielona Góra, a passionate eld researcher and an expert

in typology based on ceramic forms [11].

Since 1965, archaeological works in Głogów have be-

come the domain of a graduate of the University of Wrocław,

an archaeologist, Czesław Lasota MSc (1941–2023), my

peer, and then an invaluable researcher of Wrocław’s past

as well as greatly distinguished for researching the begin-

nings of Wrocław, its urban planning and architecture [15],

[22], [23]. Although the castle was not yet fully adapted for

settling down and was still in a shell state, Czesław Lasota

and I stayed in one of the rooms on the ground oor, taking

care of the collection of artifacts there, including numerous

skeletons exhumed during the church research. Our sleep,

in such an austere and romantic setting, illuminated by

candles only, was not disturbed by any visits from “ghosts

of the past”. This is how my imaginings of romantic dis-

coveries, which in my high school days were inspired by

such books as the then bestseller entitled Gods, Graves and

Scholars by C.W. Ceram, came true.

The archaeology of (non)memory

The rst objects that I dealt with as a draftsman – and

a future researcher of architecture– during the excavations

in Głogów were the already mentioned relics of the parish

church, then Dominican St. Peter’s Church (Fig. 1). This

structure, which was mentioned in 1258 as ecclesia laterita,

disappeared from the town’s panorama at the beginning of

the 19

century and until post-war research, even its precise

location was not known. As it turned out, the architectural

and functional transformations of the church were much

more complicated than expected. Initially – after Blessed

Virgin Mary’s Church of the Gord lost its importance and

the construction of the basilica Collegiate on Ostrów Tum-

ski began – it performed the role of the rst parish church

on the left bank, but during the period of foundation charter

transformations it was abandoned and – similarly like St.

Adalbert’s Church in Wrocław or Basilica of Holy Trinity

in Cracow – was handed over to the Dominicans who came

to the town. It was then that the regular spatial and func-

tional layout of late medieval Głogów crystallized, in the

southern part of which the third late Romanesque brick ba-

silica was built and this time it was dedicated to the patron

of merchants – Saint Nicholas. The Dominicans, in turn,

dismantled in stages the very archaic, three-apsed, brick ba-

silica of St. Peter and replaced it with an innovative church

with a long, rectangular choir and an avant-garde, hall body,

comparable to the oldest and most signicant churches of

predicantes in this part of Europe. Using the walls of the

former presbytery, after the demolition of the apse, a mod-

el Dominican presbytery was constructed. It was built on

a rectangular plan with external dimensions of approxi-

mately 23.80 m × 10.36–10.64 m and internal dimensions

of 20.75–20.93 m × 6.69–7.40 m. It was a three-span and

vaulted (probably with cross and rib vaults) structure, as

evidenced by the use of typical cross buttresses. In the con-

struction of both the older and the new church, bricks were

used and laid in the Slavonic and two-stretcher bond, in the

opus emplectum technique with the use of sand and lime

mortar. The bricks from the older church had a wrinkled

texture typical of that time and non-uniform, reduction-oxi-

dation ring, which gave them a specic appearance.

When I started documentation work, the outline of the

Dominican presbytery (Fig. 2.9) along with the foundation

of a probably Gothic altar was already visible (Fig. 2.8).

In order to make my drawing – which was published

four decades after the end of the research, i.e., in 2006

and presented archaeological discoveries made inside it

Fig. 1. Głogów, Old Town. Relics of St. Peter’s Church discovered during excavations (elaborated by E. Niemczyk after: [29]).

Green arrows indicate the location of the archaeological discoveries described in the article

Il 1. Głogów, Stare Miasto. Relikty kościoła św. Piotra odkryte podczas wykopalisk (oprac. E. Niemczyk za: [29]).

Zielone strzałki wskazują lokalizację odkryć archeologicznych opisanych w artykule

88 Ernest Niemczyk

– more readable and to supplement it with a commentary

[29, Fig. 87, p. 103], I prepared the interpretation again

with a comprehensive legend (Fig. 2). For this purpose,

I reached into my own memory, which has fortunately

been stable so far – probably due to the fact that I partici-

pated in both the discovery of the relics and their drawing

registration. My memory must also replace the lack of my

original drawing, which was much richer with numerous

details, as well as the diary of the works carried out there,

which probably resulted from the emphasis put on discov-

ering the relics of monumental architecture. Stratigraphy

of stratications, i.e., the only possibility of establishing

at least a relative chronology of structures, was usually

treated as an ongoing aid in the interpretation of spatial

transformations in a partially preserved monument.

As a draftsman, I also made numerous drawings of the

stratigraphy visible in archaeological surveys carried out

within the presbytery. The western part of the church, which

was disturbed by modern mainly baroque stratications,

was legible only in a few fragments. It only made it pos-

sible to specify the western boundary of the body and the

rhythm of the supports between the aisles. The modern wall

(Fig. 2.1) in the chancel’s arch of the presbytery, also con-

stituted its western boundary. The mentioned wall (Fig. 2.1)

destroyed the upper part of the outline of a skeleton burial

(Fig. 2.2), probably of a man. He had an iron dagger in his

left hand which lay next to his thigh. The location of this

burial almost on the axis of the presbytery, from which the

con was also visible, gives rise to the assumption that it

was the burial of someone of high social status.

The entire area of the presbytery, as the drawing makes

clear, was rich in numerous burials, which proves that the

necropolis was located there and used for a very long time.

Its location on the left bank of the Oder may indicate that

the settlement at that time was located across the river, in

the area of Ostrów Tumski, which results from a long-liv-

ing tradition of separating the dead from the alive, protect-

ing the latter against the interference of uninvited guests

from the afterlife.

Probably most of the foundation stones of the pres-

bytery walls came from numerous graves, in which they

served as a kind of guard or improvised chests. The most

numerous were cremation burials from the times of the urn

elds of the Lusatian culture (Fig. 2.3).

The oldest was probably a skeletal burial of a woman

(?) surrounded by large boulders (Fig. 2.4). In the fetal

position, the skeleton’s head faced the north and its face

faced the east. This corresponds to long-living cult tradi-

Fig. 2. Głogów, Old Town. Burials discovered during excavations in the chancel of St. Peter’s Church ([29], contemporary drawing interpretation

by author). Legend for the drawing: 1. A modern wall located between the half-pillars of the chancel arch of the Dominican church,

2. Skeletal burial of a man with a dagger in his left hand, 3. Ashtrays/urns of the Lusatian culture, 4. Skeletal burial of a woman in the fetal

position, 5. Skeletal burials from before the construction of the church, 5a. Burial of a small child, 6. A conical depression filled with stones

and ash, 7. Skeletal burials of church dignitaries, 8. Gothic altar (?), 9. The wall of the presbytery of the Dominican church.

Il. 2. Głogów, Stare Miasto. Pochówki odkryte podczas wykopalisk w prezbiterium kościoła św. Piotra (za: [29], współczesna interpretacja rysun-

kowa autora]. Legenda do rysunku: 1. Nowożytna ściana znajdująca się między półfilarami łuku prezbiterium kościoła dominikanów, 2. Pochówek

szkieletowy mężczyzny ze sztyletem w lewej ręce, 3. Popielnice kultury łużyckiej, 4. Pochówek szkieletowy kobiety w pozycji płodowej,

5. Pochówki szkieletowe sprzed budowy kościoła, 5a. Pochówek małego dziecka, 6. Stożkowate zagłębienie wypełnione kamieniami i popiołem,

7. Pochówki szkieletowe dostojników kościelnych, 8. Gotycki ołtarz (?), 9. Ściana prezbiterium kościoła dominikanów

Romantic and enthusiast or an architect in excavations 89

tions seeing in the Sun a guarantee of return – rebirth from

the sleep of death. Due to the lack of equipment to facil-

itate the determination of the chronology of its creation,

the only hypothesis left is the suggestion that it may come

from the Neolithic period.

Apart from the listed burials, several skeletal burials

were also found in the presbytery (Fig. 2.5). Their orienta-

tion – similarly to the orientation of the woman’s skeleton

– indicates their origin from before the construction of the

church. Particularly moving was a small con with a bare-

ly legible skeleton of a small child, also resting in a fetal

position on its left side (Fig. 2.5a).

A dicult to interpret nding was a conical depression

– from before the construction of the church because it was

hidden under the foundation of the southern wall of the

presbytery (Fig. 2.6). Reaching about 1.5 meters inside, it

was formed by a coat of broken stone. Similar stone, burnt

with a great deal of ash, lled the interior of this cone. Per-

haps it was a trace of a part of the funeral cult of the cre-

mation rite, in which an important role was assigned to the

element of re which freed the souls of the deceased from

the bondage of their bodies. It was probably believed then,

as in many cultures around the world, that until the soul of

the deceased is released in the process of decomposition of

the body in the earth, it may haunt the settlements of the

living in the form of revenants and ghosts.

Finishing this a bit too long reconstruction of discov-

eries in which I participated and which I included in the

form of drawings for convenience, I must recognize and

indicate medieval burials on the basis of their location on

the axis of the presbytery, i.e., burials of church dignitar-

ies (Fig. 2.7). One of them, in a brick tomb, damaged the

foundation of the altar with its excavation (Fig. 2.8). The

second one, which was located in some distance from the

altar but also on its axis, contained an interesting nding. In

the outline of the con, it was possible to see the silhouette

of the deceased who held his hands on his chest, onto which

– probably at the time of burial – a handful of burnt bones

had been poured – probably from a Lusatian culture grave

which was damaged during the inhumation. This proves the

awareness of medieval people who realized that they violat-

ed the burial, although pagan because it was cremated, but

also of someone who waited for the Last Judgment, being

redeemed by Christ. For me it was a touching example of

solidarity beyond time and cultural dierences.

In this general reconstruction, I tried not to succumb to

nostalgia for the past, irrevocably gone youth that idealiz-

es the past. I hope that with the above-mentioned drawing

and the legend explaining its contents, I will be able to

save at least some of these unusual and always surprising

discoveries, which often moved us while exploring them in

the Old Town of Głogów.

Farewell to Głogów

Unfortunately, despite my full commitment and contri-

bution to eld research – and I was already an assistant

at that time – I did not receive a proposal from Professor

Tadeusz Kozaczewski to analyse even a small fragment of

the obtained data. This became the source of my dilemma

and disappointment. Fortunately, it was not in vain that the

education of an assistant professor at the Faculty of Archi-

tecture was and remains multifaceted, introducing a wide

range of technical and artistic skills. And this in line with

the function of architecture, combining these two spheres

of life, i.e., technology and artistic creativity. It was during

the excavations that I deepened my skills in realistic recon-

struction of discovered relics and their exhibition.

Artistic passions found their eective implementation

in the development of a competition project, present-

ed together with my friend, then a graduate of the State

Higher School of Fine Arts in Wrocław, sculptor Andrzej

Wojciechowski. It was a competition to commemorate the

“Return of the Western and Northern Lands to the Moth-

erland”. In it, which was decided in 1967, we received

a rst-degree distinction. This nally conrmed to Pro-

fessor Tadeusz Kozaczewski that there was a substantive

disagreement between us.

I expected to give up the assistantship, but a pleasant

surprise was the proposal of Professor Jerzy Rozpędowski,

who remembered my participation in the works in Iłża

– to take up an assistantship at the Department of the His-

tory of Polish Architecture, which was transformed short-

ly thereafter, in 1968, into the Institute of the History of

Architecture, Art and Technology, Wrocław University of

Science and Technology.

And the research in the Old Town and Ostrów Tumski

in Głogów was continued and is continued with varying

intensity and success to this day. Studies were conduct-

ed, among others, by: Prof. Olgierd Czerner, Prof. Jacek

Kościuk, Prof. Rafał Czerner, Dr. Czesław Lasota PhD,

Dr. Jerzy Romanow PhD and Dr. Maciej Małachowicz

PhD. From the beginning of the 1980s, the Archaeological

and Historical Museum in Głogów took over this valuable

initiative. The researchers included Prof. Józef Szykulski,

Dr. Krzysztof Czapla PhD, Aleksander Dobrowolski MSc,

Zenon Hendel MSc, Wacław Pogorzelski MSc, Marzena

Grochowska-Jasnos PhD, and Zdzisław Wiśniewski MSc,

along with the employees of his enterprise: Dr. Roland

Mruczek PhD, Michał Stefanowicz M.Eng., Maciej Bro-

da, MSc or Tomasz A. Kastek, MSc. The exploration cer-

tainly gained the greatest momentum after 1989, when,

under the substantive supervision of Dr. Czesław Laso-

ta PhD, individual quarters of bourgeois buildings were

systematically examined using a wide-area method [30]–

[35]. It can be said that this researcher – an archaeologist

by profession – created something like his own school of

architectural exploration and educated a large group of

students, also nding many followers.

Archaeologists have nally become full participants

in the research process, and architects and architectural

historians seek their opinions and often even adopt their

working methods, successfully exploring the secrets of

stratigraphy and stratication as well as the complicated

nuances of post-depositional processes. Has the Głogów

research model worked and has it actually set a new stand-

ard or at least the current ceiling of possibilities and ex-

pectations? Time will tell. However, it was certainly an

excellent interdisciplinary research training ground; one

of the best in this part of Europe.

90 Ernest Niemczyk

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References

Streszczenie

Romantyk i entuzjasta, czyli architekt na wykopaliskach

Niniejszy szkic stanowi próbę ukazania początków szerokopłaszczyznowych badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych Starego Miasta

w Głogowie, zniszczonego niemal doszczętnie w wyniku obrony Festung Glogau w 1945 r., prowadzonych pod kierownictwem Prof. Tadeusza

Kozaczewskiego, w których autor uczestniczył od czasów studiów na Wydziale Architektury Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Pokazuje zmieniającą się

rolę architekta w procesie badawczym; od romantycznego eksploratora i odkrywcy – na podobieństwo Winckelmanna czy Schliemanna – po kier-

ownika dużego, interdyscyplinarnego zespołu badawczego i głównego koordynatora prac dokumentacyjnych. Koncentruje się na zapomnianym

epizodzie z badań prezbiterium kościoła p.w. św. Piotra, kiedy to odkryto liczne pochówki o chronologii pradziejowej i średniowiecznej. Stał się on

pretekstem do ponownej prezentacji odkrycia wraz z szerszym kontekstem archeologicznym. Jako wieloletni dydaktyk, autor zwraca uwagę na

konieczność prowadzenia i ciągłego doskonalenia metod badań interdyscyplinarnych oraz systematycznej weryfikacji ustaleń z przedstawicielami

innych nauk.

Słowa kluczowe: Głogów, archeologia, architektura, średniowiecze