The impact of policy initiatives on the design of public spaces on the example of the New European Bauhaus

Agata Woźniczka

doi:10.37190/arc230308

Abstract

The program of contemporary public spaces continues to add new functions. As is the awareness of using the design of common spaces to speculate on property values, the use of architecture and public spaces of the second decade of the 21st century as political paraphernalia – used by both civic initiatives and official administrative bodies – is also growing in popularity. The author’s goal in this paper was to examine the impact of political initiatives on public spaces, and because of the timeliness and multifaceted ambitions of the New European Bauhaus (NEB), it was this initiative that was chosen for analysis. The paper describes the implementation potential of the NEB Compass, a tool that the New European Bauhaus initiative is currently proposing as a concrete aid to realizing abstract ambitions. During the research , an extensive literature study of the subject was carried out, which provided an overview of official EU documents describing the New European Bauhaus initiative and the principles of the NEB Compass. The “research by design” method was then used to transform the Compass from an evaluation system into an instrument for formulating design guidelines. The studied multimodal interchanges of the city of Warsaw and the guidelines for their revitalization, formulated through the NEB Compass, showed that an audit tool can be transformed into a design instrument. Testing the resulting evaluation sheet in a project on transforming Warsaw’s interchanges into sustainable and inclusive public spaces made it possible to define effective ways of transforming urban infrastructure into public space, and to diagnose the potential impact of the chosen policy initiative on shaping contemporary public spaces.

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2023

3(75)

Agata Woźniczka*

The impact of policy initiatives on the design of public spaces

on the example of the New European Bauhaus

Introduction

In recent years, there has been a shift in the way public

spaces are categorized and discussed. Instead of classifying

them based solely on their functions, they are considered

nowadays in terms of the aspirations and values held by

those who manage them and those who use them. In both

academic literature and public discourse there is signicant

attention given to Privately-Owned Public Spaces (POPS),

the implementation of which is usually aimed at increasing

the value of surrounding properties or even entire estates

and neighbourhoods. As well as an awareness of the possi-

bility of using the design of public spaces to speculate on

property values, the use of architecture and public spaces

as a manifestation of the ambitions of their hosts or as polit-

ical paraphernalia is also growing in popularity. As a result,

contemporary public spaces possess not only abstract or

political signicance but also measurable, numerical value.

Contemporarily, public space is a political tool used

by both bottom-up initiatives and ocial administrative

bodies. Grass-roots initiatives often advocate for broader

objectives when it comes to providing common spaces’

design aims, such as guaranteeing the preservation of na-

tu ral resources, adapting to climate change and mitigating

its impact or enhancing accessibility for diverse users.

European politicians echo these concerns and, through di-

rectives, initiatives and other policies, establish guidelines

for designing communal areas.

One notable European Union (EU) initiative from the

decade of the 21

century, inuencing the design of the

built environment, is the New European Bauhaus (NEB)

that seems to best express the contemporaneity. This

inter disciplinary project, initiated by the European Com-

mission, draws inspiration from the historic Bauhaus, an

art and craft college founded in Weimar in 1919. Much

like its predecessor, the New European Bauhaus seeks to

create a platform for knowledge exchange and enriching

experiences, aiming to dene a new design ethos suited to

contemporary challenges. Since the NEB establishment in

2020, inspired by the historic Bauhaus’s global inuence

on modernity’s formal language, the European Union has

been actively promoting proclaimed contemporary quali-

ties in the design of public spaces.

The motto of the New European Bauhaus – “Beauti-

ful, Sustainable, Together” – succinctly captures the cur-

rent multidimensional design principles for EU countries.

Similar to the original Bauhaus movement, the NEB pro-

motes a creatively collaborative synergy of theory and

practice along with the integration of art, architecture, and

craftsmanship. However, unlike the historical Bauhaus,

the New European Bauhaus is not a response to societal

shifts but rather a reaction to the ongoing climate crisis.

It is geared towards sustainability and serves as a design

tool to support the Green Deal. Given the potential for

impact of the New European Bauhaus on a pan-European

scale, the article focuses on the above political initiative

and its inuence on the design of public spaces. The nar-

row scope of the article is due to the current relevance

of the NEB’s political agenda. Expressing both grass-

roots social ambitions and shared political objectives of

the European Union, the New European Bauhaus stands

out as the latest and most interdisciplinary political initia-

tive for sustainable design. The NEB’s uniqueness is also

proven by its comprehensive denition of sustainability,

encompassing ecological, design, social, and manageri-

al aspects. This multifacetedness in approaching design

quality is perfectly captured by the initiative’s slogan

DOI: 10.37190/arc230308

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

* ORCID: 0000-0002-0650-8820. Faculty of Architecture, Wro-

cław University of Science and Technology, Poland, e-mail: agata.

wozniczka@pwr.edu.pl

82 Agata Woźniczka

“Beautiful, Sustainable, Together”. It is the aforemen-

tioned interdisciplinary perspective on urban living space

that determined the understanding of the New European

Bauhaus as the contemporary embodiment of the quality

excellence in the built environment.

Additionally, the article explores the potential of the

NEB Compass, a tool proposed by the political initiative

to aid the eective and concrete implementation of ab-

stract goals. The EU instrument not only assesses the re-

alization of the three core New European Bauhaus values

but also evaluates working principles that ensure interdis-

ciplinary collaboration, multi-level engagement and local

community participation. It occurs that the combination

of aspirational qualities and operational methods in the

NEB Compass makes it particularly well-suited to con-

temporary, multifaceted design.

Although the New European Bauhaus Compass [1] has

been published as a multi-criteria tool for valorising the

design of architecture and public spaces towards the re-

alisation of NEB values, this paper examines whether it

qualies as a fully functional design tool. The NEB Com-

pass, with its interdisciplinary and qualitative approach,

appears to oer the advantage of being easily accessible to

the public and user-friendly. This sets it apart from com-

plex (and paid) sustainable building certication systems,

which often use codied principles not easily comprehen-

sible to individuals outside the architecture and construc-

tion industry.

In the research presented in this article, the NEB Com-

pass was used as a tool for formulating design guidelines

instead of being an auditing instrument. The research was

conducted on the example of the study Węzły przesiad-

kowe jako elementy infrastruktury publicznej realizujące

ambicje Nowego Europejskiego Bauhausu – wytyczne do

projektowania wieloaspektowego [Transportation hubs as

elements of public infrastructure realising the ambitions

of the New European Bauhaus – guidelines for multifac-

eted design] [2], prepared by the paper’s author within

the framework of the 4

edition of the City of Warsaw

scholarship for doctoral students. The process of assessing

the current state, identifying the potential for deliberately

sustainable transformation of specic areas of the Polish

capital city and creating the most specic guidelines has

highlighted the signicant value of the NEB Compass.

This value becomes particularly evident when evaluating

the functionality of urban areas, including those with cru-

cial infrastructure roles, as contemporary public spaces.

Thus, the presented outcome of the research provides in-

sight to determine whether the chosen policy initiative can

have a real, meaningful impact on forms and functions of

communal spaces in the 21

century Europe.

Current state of research

The research relies on ocial documents that describe

the objectives of the New European Bauhaus initiative

and provide details about the NEB Compass tool. These

documents serve as primary sources for the study:

– European Commission’s New European Bauhaus

Progress Report [3],

– Horizon Europe and New European Bauhaus NEXUS

report: Conclusions of the High-Level Workshop on “Re-

search and Innovation for the New European Bauhaus”,

jointly organised by the Directorate-General for Research

and Innovation and the Joint Research Centre of the Eu-

ropean Commission [4],

– publication of the Directorate-General for Climate

Action of the European Commission: EU-level technical

guidance on adapting buildings to climate change [5],

– publication of the European Commission’s Direc-

torate-General for Climate Action entitled EU-level tech-

nical guidance on adapting buildings to climate change

– Best practice guidance [6],

– New European Bauhaus Compass, developed by the Eu-

ropean Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) and pub-

lished in its rst version on the 21

of November 2022 [1].

An important source describing the New European

Bauhaus initiative is the following work Solutions for

Modern Society of the Future. The New European Bau-

haus Manual [7], edited by Robert Zajdler. The publica-

tion includes Robert Rybski’s article New European Bau-

haus as the EU sustainability tool [8], in which the author

considers the possibilities of expanding the initiative into

a political ecosystem, looking for the most eective appli-

cations of the NEB programme to increase sustainability.

However, the author does not examine the design tools;

instead, the focus is on the management and nancing

prospects of the initiative.

Therefore, while the topic of the New European Bau-

haus itself has been explored by the international research

community, there is a notable absence of independent, ex-

ternal analyses regarding the NEB Compass. This article

represents an inaugural eort to analyse and diagnose the

potential of using the NEB Compass as a design tool to aid

European architects in implementing the New European

Bauhaus goals. As of now, there is a dearth of published

research work on the impact of the New European Bau-

haus policy initiative on the design of public spaces.

Research method

Due to the specic thematic scope of the paper, the

primary source of information for the research is a body

of ocial EU documents accurately describing the ob-

jectives of the New European Bauhaus. Additionally, an

extensive literature review was conducted, examining the

ocial EU reports and documents outlining the New Eu-

ropean Bauhaus initiative and the principles of the NEB

Compass. The author also analysed documents on the

European Green Deal [9], as the New European Bauhaus

aims to support its implementation. Throughout this re-

search, the author drew on her own design expertise to

understand how to shape high-quality urban spaces. To

dene the thematic scope of this study, the NEB Compass

was compared with other available tools for assessing

the quality of the built environment, such as the Bauhaus

High Quality Criteria [10]. In our study of the transforma-

tion of the NEB Compass from an assessment system to

an instrument for formulating design guidelines we used

the “research by design” method.

The impact of policy initiatives on the design of public spaces on the example of the New European Bauhaus 83

Research description

The research was performed while working on the City

of Warsaw’s scholarship for doctoral students, which be-

gan in December 2022 and is scheduled for completion

in October 2023. Given the unique characteristics of the

scholarship program, an independent, individual study

was conducted while maintaining ongoing consultations

with the Oce of Architecture and Spatial Planning of the

City of Warsaw to track the progress of the work.

During the research it was noted that the administration

of the City of Warsaw does not employ specic tools for

the qualitative assessment of the already completed facil-

ities. Instead, it relies on processes like architectural com-

petitions to ensure project quality before implementation.

Recognizing the absence of structured tools (not process-

es) for assessing the design and execution of Warsaw’s

public spaces, it was decided to use the NEB Compass

to create a procedure for evaluating completed urban in-

vestments, particularly common spaces. Diagnosing high

potential of deployment, the author endeavoured to ex-

tend the new procedure’s functionality with the ability to

derive conclusions and formulate design guidelines. The

results of this eort are presented in this article.

Because of examining possible utilization of the NEB

Compass as a basis for work on developing a framework

for evaluation or for creating guidelines, its principles are

outlined below.

The NEB Compass [1] considers qualitative aspects of

projects in the process of valorisation, making the Com-

pass’s potential applications quite extensive – ranging

from products, buildings or types of services to education-

al models and planning strategies. This versatile tool is

designed to cater to a wide array of users, including large

corporations and grass-roots initiatives, state governments

and local authorities, as well as individual space users.

The tool’s development followed a three-step process.

First, a comparative analysis was conducted on the entries

for the NEB 2021 Awards to determine the ambition lev-

els of a given value and the quality of the design process.

Secondly, the identied degrees of value intensication

were compared with existing design models. Thirdly, a re-

view of relevant literature on the subject was undertaken,

aligning the tool’s structure and its methodology with the

terminology of the NEB documents.

The NEB Compass indicates possible design direc-

tions in line with the three core values of the New Euro-

pean Bauhaus: Beauty, Sustainability, and Inclusiveness.

It also incorporates three exemplary working principles:

Participatory Process, Trans-disciplinary Approach, and

a Multi-level Engagement (Fig. 1). Each of the NEB val-

ues and working methods has three levels of ambition

that can be targeted at the project outset. These levels are

designed to outline: I. Baselines that establish fundamen-

tal characteristics of the project, II. Increased aspirations,

III. More ambitious and complex goals. The following

diagrams (Figs. 2, 3) depict the aforementioned concept,

where the NEB values are represented as three-level sets,

while the working methods form the compositional axes

of the NEB Compass graph.

The fullment of the successive ambitions can be as-

sessed by comparing them to benchmark characteristics

and by responding to control questions. Figures 2 and 3

illustrate the clarity and comprehensiveness of the NEB

Compass components.

To construct the NEB Compass for the selected project

during the analytical phase, successive levels of the three-

stage sets and axes of the Compass are marked, lling in

the consecutive outlines with colours. This process gener-

ates a concise overview of the project’s current alignment

with the New European Bauhaus initiative. The graphical

diagram, due to its straightforward operating principle, is

highly comprehensible for both the authors of the project

and the external observers. In addition, creating such NEB

Compass diagrams facilitate eective comparison of mul-

tiple projects. As an example, the gure below (Fig. 4) pro-

vides a summary of the selected projects submitted for the

New European Bauhaus Prizes 2021, showcasing possible

variants of the NEB Compass visualization. It is worth not-

ing that in order to meet the NEB objectives it is sucient

for a project to exhibit the lowest levels of ambition and

employ basic working principles. However, such a strategy

may result in a lower ranking in the NEB Awards poll.

In-depth analyses of the chosen tool allowed the au-

thor to reframe the principles of the NEB Compass and

utilize them in the development of an evaluation register.

The prepared table served as the foundation for subse-

quent research eorts. During the “research by design”

phase of the work, a proprietary design analysis form was

developed further. The updated table not only described

the main function of the case study, but also assessed the

realisation of the values and working principles outlined

in the NEB Compass.

In order to establish guidelines for multifaceted design,

the following steps were taken:

1. The study examples were selected.

Considering the territorial and thematic scope of the

scholarship research work, diverse urban spaces with the

potential to be transformed from purely infrastructural

transportation hubs into multifunctional public spaces

were selected for further analysis.

Fig. 1. The NEB Compass Structure, 2023

(drawing by A. Woźniczka on the basis [1, p. 2])

Il. 1. Struktura Kompasu NEB, 2023

(oprac. A. Woźniczka na podstawie [1, s. 2])

84 Agata Woźniczka

2. A model evaluation sheet was created.

The rst part of the project analysis table evaluated the

existing main function of the selected site as an eective

interchange / transportation hub. It assessed a level of

multimodality, public accessibility and multifunctionality

by examining the accompanying cultural and commercial

functions. The evaluation culminated in a SWOT analysis

(of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats),

providing an overview of both current performance and

a potential of a given space as an eective multimodal

transportation hub. The second part of the analysis form

captured the NEB Compass principles in the tabular form.

Assessment rubrics were introduced to evaluate the

realisation of the NEB values, the fullment of three

ambition levels, and the utilization of preferred working

methodologies. Each of the three levels of ambition for

fullling the NEB values and applying NEB working

principles was accompanied by a rubric indicating poten-

tial areas for improvement. By incorporating a segment

within the form that outlines the potential for meeting

the particular ambition requirements, the NEB Compass

gained a new functionality. This new functionality enables

formulating design guidelines for a beautiful, sustainable

and inclusive regeneration of the study area. In the second

Fig. 2. The NEB Compass Structure

– three ambition levels

of NEB values

(elaborated by A. Woźniczka

on the basis [1, pp. 6, 8, 10, 12])

Il. 2. Struktura Kompasu NEB

– trzy poziomy wartości Nowego

Europejskiego Bauhausu, 2023

(oprac. A. Woźniczka

na podstawie [1, s. 6, 8, 10, 12])

Fig. 4. Projects awarded

the European Bauhaus Prizes 2021

presented with the NEB Compass

(elaborated by A. Woźniczka

on the basis [1, p. 21])

Il. 4. Projekty nagrodzone

w plebiscycie Nagrody

Europejskiego Bauhausu 2021

przedstawione za pomocą

Kompasu NEB, 2023

(oprac. A. Woźniczka

na podstawie [1, s. 21])

Fig. 3. The NEB Compass Structure

– three ambition levels of

NEB working principles

(elaborated by. A. Woźniczka

on the basis [1, pp. 14, 16, 18, 20])

Il. 3. Struktura Kompasu NEB

– trzy intensywności

wzorcowych sposobów pracy

Nowego Europejskiego

Bauhausu, 2023

(oprac. A. Woźniczka

na podstawie [1, s. 14, 16, 18, 20])

The impact of policy initiatives on the design of public spaces on the example of the New European Bauhaus 85

part of the assessment table, a SWOT analysis was con-

ducted again. In this case, the SWOT analysis served both

to summarise the existing state of each of the study sites

(covered in Strengths and Weaknesses sections) and to

assess the potential for change (covered in Opportunities

and Threats sections).

3. The NEB Compass graph was generated.

The ndings from the evaluation form were document-

ed through a graphic representation using the NEB Com-

pass in two variations. The rst illustrated the current state

of the analysed space, while the second one presented the

diagnosed possibilities of realising ambitions of subse-

quent values and working methodologies promoted by the

New European Bauhaus.

4. Targeted design guidelines were developed.

Based on the obtained results, guidelines intended for

the selected public spaces were elaborated. These guide-

lines considered the unique characteristics of the local

cultural landscape, the vernacular language of architectur-

al forms and the potential for change and gradual revit-

alisation in accordance with the New European Bauhaus

principles.

This article provides an example of the project analy-

sis form, completed for a multi-modal transportation hub

Młociny in Warsaw, which can be found in Table 1. To

suit the scope of the paper, the table was simplied. How-

ever, in its extended version [2] the part describing the

multi-modality of the hub was included and the NEB value

Analysis date May 2023

Name MŁOCINY HUB

Address Nocznickiego Street, 01-999 Warszawa

Importance Supra-district node

Description

The transportation hub is located in Bielany, in the vicinity of the Warszawa Steelworks area and the Młociny Shopping Mall.

The area of the interchange is separated by the following streets: Pułku Strzelców Kaniowskich from the north-west side,

Nocznickiego and Gen. Maria Witek Avenue from the south-east side, and Zgrupowania AK “Kampinos” Street from

the east side. One of the entrance pavilions to the M1 metro station (located within the hub) is located at the northern end

of Jana Kasprowicza Street.

The hub consists of the M1 metro station, a hub for buses and trams and a P&R car park for cars (approx. 900 spaces),

bicycles and UTOs. The hub also includes a terminus for suburban and regional buses, whose operators include both PKS

and private carriers.

The Młociny metro station consists of one underground storey and two above-ground entrance pavilions, located on both

sides of the intersection of J. Kasprowicza Street and Nocznickiego Street / Gen. M. Witek Avenue. The northern part of

the station is terminated by the stand-off tracks. The station and track layout were built with the possibility of extending

the metro line in the future. It will be possible to extend the metro line in one of the directions: to the north

(direction: Łomianki), to the west (direction: Chomiczówka), to the east (crossing the Vistula under the North Bridge).

THE NEW EUROPEAN BAUHAUS VALUES

BEAUTIFUL

I. To activate

Ambition

categories

users’ comfort sensory experience

reflecting regional/

local particularities

calling upon local

materials and skills

Improvement

potential

• Enhancing Comfort in the Hub Area: Introduction of street architecture elements aimed at increasing the comfort

of the hub area. These elements would comprise potable water fountain, comfortable benches featuring backrests

and armrests, as well as benches designed for standing by. Individual seating options would also be provided.

• Enhancing Sensory Experience: The plan includes the incorporation of various sensory-enhancing elements.

This encompasses the use of vibrant colour combinations in accompanying greenery and the integration of fragrant and

visually appealing plants. Diversification of wall and floor textures, as well as the variation in finishes of landscaping

elements, is also a part of design. Additionally, the potential inclusion of water infrastructure, utilizing techniques

such as rainwater harvesting, would not only boost comfort but also engage the senses.

• Incorporating Local Heritage: The design should pay tribute to the region’s industrial heritage, particularly to

the historical significance of the steelworks and the materials traditionally employed. This homage would be evident

through the inclusion of steel elements in small architectural features and the thoughtful arrangement of communal spaces.

• Sustainable and Ecological Features: In adherence to a commitment to environmental sustainability, pro-ecological

solutions should be integrated into the design. These solutions not only reflect the city’s shift towards cleaner industry

but also serve to mitigate the environmental repercussions of previous activities by Warsaw Steelworks in this area.

• Local Materials: Utilization of locally sourced materials, including “gorseciki” tiles and terrazzo, among others,

underscores the design approach.

• Artistic Enhancements: The hub would be enriched artistically by the introduction of various art objects commonly found

in public spaces across the capital. Examples may include mosaics, totem-style sculptures, and artistic installations

that harmonize with the unique character of the area.

Table 1. Project audit table for compliance with the ambitions and model processes of the New European Bauhaus, 2023

(elaborated by A. Woźniczka)

Tabela 1. Karta oceny projektów względem zgodności z ambicjami oraz modelowymi procesami współpracy Nowego Europejskiego Bauhausu, 2023

(oprac. A. Woźniczka)

86 Agata Woźniczka

II. To connect

Ambition

categories

attractiveness

and comfort

diverse formal

and functional settings

sense of community

for people

with different backgrounds

and perspectives

opportunities to

learn about new ideas,

places, or people

Improvement

potential

• Enhancing Functional Attractiveness: Improving the functional appeal of the space could involve the introduction

of public amenities that complement the hub, such as comfortable waiting areas serving as meeting spots or pocket

recreation areas and gardens designed to provide a pleasant microclimate or a resilient ecosystem.

• Enhancing Route Convenience: The priority lies in updating the convenience and functional appeal of routes leading

to adjacent functional areas. This includes increasing the width of these routes and implementing design solutions

to ensure public accessibility.

• Enhancing Formal Appeal: The aim is to enhance the formal appeal of the hub by making architectural forms

more welcoming and relatable. This can be achieved by introducing architectural detailing and incorporating greenery

at various levels: low, medium-high, and high.

• Educational Opportunities: Opportunities for educating the hub users on new concepts, particularly those related to

green transport and the significance of public transportation are being considered. This may involve expanding

the existing open-air exhibition in the metro pavilion courtyard, tailoring the content to the diverse age groups of

audience, and establishing a dedicated exhibition for young passengers. Additionally, the concept of resource sharing

may be incorporated through an art installation or playground design.

III. To integrate

Ambition

categories

reimagining new ways

of life

generating new

fulfilling habits

long-term thinking

about future needs

of the project’s users

enabling participation

and creation

Improvement

potential

• Promoting Resource Sharing: The hub can prototype a new public life centred around resource sharing through

an information campaign. This campaign would emphasize the sustainability of shared resources and encourage

a mindset of limiting individual use. Specific benefits, such as environmental conservation and cost savings,

would be highlighted across various hub functions.

• Fostering New Habits: The transportation hub aims to foster new habits by offering public accompanying functions,

extending and enhancing the time visitors spend within the facility.

• Ensuring Long-Term Resilience: The hub would undergo periodic audits as a public space to ensure its long-term

resilience. These audits would identify opportunities for simple improvements or functional modifications to enhance

the overall experience.

• Flexible Accompanying Functions: New accompanying functions would be composed using demountable

or easily dismantled elements. This approach allows for potential future modifications to both form and function,

aligning with the concept of urban prototyping.

SUSTAINABLE

I. To repurpose

Ambition

categories

potential for

reducing

the resources

potential for

prolonged use of

a repairable project

– possibility of

an upgrade

potential for

lowering

environmental

impact

potential for components

replacement – retrofitting or

a conscious upgrade

potential for prioritizing

renewable energy

solutions

Improvement

potential

• Conducting an Information Campaign: The plan involves running an information campaign to educate hub users

of all ages on the benefits of resource sharing,

• Facilitating Resource Exchange: The initiative includes the introduction of facilities that enable the exchange and sharing

of resources, such as magazines and books for reading on the go, umbrellas, and shopping trolleys.

• Managing Rainwater: To reduce the volume of rainwater discharged into the storm-water drainage system,

outdoor rainwater harvesting features would be incorporated. These may take the form of water plant pots,

infiltration vessels in the green area, the introduction of rain gardens, or rain channels.

• Utilizing Renewable Energy: The facility would be equipped with renewable energy sources, such as a photovoltaic

installation on the existing canopies and pavilions of the hub – now finished with glass or PVC panels.

• Innovative Surface Materials: A part of the traffic route surface would be replaced with permeable or semi-permeable

materials. Additionally, there would be a prototype for hardened paths designed to filter and infiltrate rainwater

into the ground.

Table 1 cont. Project audit table for compliance with the ambitions and model processes of the New European Bauhaus, 2023

(elaborated by A. Woźniczka)

Tabela 1 cd. Karta oceny projektów względem zgodności z ambicjami oraz modelowymi procesami współpracy Nowego Europejskiego Bauhausu, 2023

(oprac. A. Woźniczka)

The impact of policy initiatives on the design of public spaces on the example of the New European Bauhaus 87

Table 1 cont. Project audit table for compliance with the ambitions and model processes of the New European Bauhaus, 2023

(elaborated by A. Woźniczka)

Tabela 1 cd. Karta oceny projektów względem zgodności z ambicjami oraz modelowymi procesami współpracy Nowego Europejskiego Bauhausu, 2023

(oprac. A. Woźniczka)

II. To close the loop

Ambition

categories

working with

circular economy

principles

stakeholders

cooperation

overview of the

carbon

impact,

material,

energyor water

waste streams

zero pollution action plan e.g.

for air, water and soil

analysis of indirect

impacts across time

and space and

trade-offs between

different sustainability

measures

Improvement

potential

• Establishing an Expert Team: The initiative involves assembling an expert team tasked with developing a closed-loop

system for the hub while also incorporating a complementary public function.

• Digital Twin Modelling: The plan includes creating a “digital twin” of the hub for comprehensive monitoring of energy

consumption, water usage, waste production, and their optimization. This model would also analyse the sustainability

impact of additional hub elements.

• Air Pollution Mitigation: Air pollution would be addressed by implementing plantings that filter and trap dust.

• Noise Pollution Reduction: Noise pollution would be reduced by creating acoustically isolated public areas, achieved

mainly through the use of greenery of varying heights, or acoustically appropriate texture of walls, partitions or ceilings.

• Soil Pollution Remediation: Soil pollution would be mitigated by introducing phytoremediation plantings, which naturally

cleanse the soil.

• Light Pollution Control: To minimize light pollution, various lighting types would be introduced based on their function,

usage time, and other relevant criteria.

III. To regenerate

Ambition

categories

restoration and expansion

of natural landscapes while

enhancing biodiversity

paradigm shift,behavioural change positive balance of energy, carbon storing

Improvement

potential

• Patio Enhancement: Within the northern underground entrance pavilion’s patio, the introduction of climbing plants and

lower shrubs, along with a greater variety of greenery, has the potential to transform the space into a diverse ecosystem.

• Green Public Space Creation: The open area in the northern part of the site can be converted into a lush green public

space using pots and climbing plant guides, and this transformation can be carried out without risking interference with

subsurface installations and networks.

• Flexible Space Usage: There is an opportunity to develop a vision for altering uses of this space by conducting an audit

of the existing functional program, analysing current trends, and studying future tendencies. This approach would help

define options for prototyping new functional areas and establish long- and short-term strategies for the dynamic

revitalization of the area.

TOGETHER

I. To include

Ambition

categories

equality and accessibility affordability prioritising disadvantaged people

Improvement

potential

• Efficient Mobility Audit: Conducting an audit to identify obstacles that hinder efficient mobility and addressing

architectural barriers.

• Pedestrian Route Improvement: Expanding well-travelled pedestrian paths and aligning road crossings with pedestrian routes.

• Inclusive Toilets: Adding toilets without gender differentiation.

• Inclusive Seating: Increasing the availability of seats equipped with backrests and armrest, or standing ones.

• Enhanced Route Lighting: Installing photocell lighting and surveillance systems on less frequented routes.

II. To consolidate

Ambition

categories

overcoming segregation sharing resources and opportunities representation and social stability

Improvement

potential

• Community Integration through Transport Enhancement: The project can enhance community integration by combining

its transportation function with pro-public amenities such as meeting spaces and pocket green areas with a pleasant

microclimate.

• Community Integration through Small Architectural Facilities: The project has the potential to integrate the community

by strategically arranging small architectural features like seating, sports facilities, and playground equipment.

III. To transform

Ambition

categories

societal development and collective growth fostering shared social values

Improvement

potential

Enhancing Community Interaction through Public Functions: By incorporating public functions within the interchange,

the project can encourage new forms of community interaction and resource sharing. This extends beyond public transport

and UTIs to include items such as books, amenities that improve travel experiences, and “last-mile” accessories.

88 Agata Woźniczka

THE NEW EUROPEAN BAUHAUS WORKING PRINCIPLES

PARTICIPATORY PROCESS

I. To consult

Ambition

categories

information dialogue consultation

Improvement

potential

• Engaging the Community in Functional Program Changes: When modifying the functional program, initiate an information

campaign tailored to diverse audiences (e.g., teenagers, the elderly, foreigners, people with disabilities). Subsequently,

conduct public consultations or establish a social team to engage in identifying changes within the study area.

• Sociological Analysis for Improved Communication: Conduct a sociological analysis to assess current users and potential

new users. Then, develop effective communication strategies based on the analysis findings.

II. To co-develop

Ambition

categories

exchange joint project steps co-creation

reaching out

to the excluded

Improvement

potential

Enhancing the Functional Program through Public Engagement: When considering changes to the functional program,

explore the option of organizing public consultations and establishing a citizen’s expert group. This approach aims to gather

input and proposals from the local community to improve the functioning of the hub.

III. To self-govern

Ambition

categories

empowering and sustaining

grass-roots initiatives

beyond project

implementation

joint ownership self-governance

inclusion of those

affected by a design

Improvement

potential

No possibility to introduce co-management of the complex. It is possible to propose the introduction of function areas

managed by grass-roots initiatives (e.g. a community garden on the site), but due to the location of the hub co-management

seems difficult to implement.

MULTI-LEVEL ENGAGEMENT

I. To work locally

Ambition

categories

inter-municipal

cooperation

aiming at influencing the local

living environment

cultivating a place-based approach

Improvement

potential

• Community-Building Design Elements and Pro-Public Functions: Enhancing the project with design elements and

pro-public functions that foster the growth and integration of the local community. This includes pocket green areas,

art installations serving as meeting places, and pocket recreation areas.

• Utilizing Disused Premises for Community Integration: Allocating some of the disused premises to a local social/activist

organization whose initiatives will actively contribute to the integration of the local community. Examples include

a library, community café, care facility, or day care centre.

II. To work across levels

Ambition

categories

interacting with networks

and/or institutions that are

active beyond the scale of

the projects itself

working at different scales having an influence across different scales

Improvement

potential

• Facilitating Supra-Local Public Units Within the Hub: Allocate a portion of the space within the hub for supra-local public

units. These units should enhance the hub’s regional significance by offering facilities such as a specialized library

or urban sports space.

• Model Revitalization of the Hub as a Multi-functional Public Space: Undertake a comprehensive revitalization of the hub

to transform it into a multi-functional public space. This revitalization should serve as a blueprint for future efforts

when revitalizing other areas.

III. To work globally

Ambition

categories

aiming at reaching a global, transformational impact

considering the local impact in perspective with the future

of the entire ecosystem

Improvement

potential

Transforming the Hub into a Multifunctional Infrastructure Facility: The project aims to revitalize the hub, turning it into

an infrastructure facility that offers a vibrant public space and cultural/creative functions. However, its peripheral location

raises questions about the realization of its ambitions for global significance.

Table 1 cont. Project audit table for compliance with the ambitions and model processes of the New European Bauhaus, 2023

(elaborated by A. Woźniczka)

Tabela 1 cd. Karta oceny projektów względem zgodności z ambicjami oraz modelowymi procesami współpracy Nowego Europejskiego Bauhausu, 2023

(oprac. A. Woźniczka)

The impact of policy initiatives on the design of public spaces on the example of the New European Bauhaus 89

TRANSDISCIPLINARY APPROACH

I. To be multidisciplinary

Ambition

categories

diversity of disciplines common problem definition

different educational backgrounds

involved

distance between

disciplines

Improvement

potential

Inclusive and Resilient Hub Transformation through Diverse Specialist Involvement: Throughout the revitalization process,

it is crucial to involve specialists not only in architecture and engineering, but also in fields such as sociology, economy

and ecology. These experts will play a pivotal role in supporting the transformation of the hub into an inclusive and

resilient public space.

II. To be interdisciplinary

Ambition cate-

gories

intensity of

communication

knowledge creation integration of results

Improvement

potential

Applying Hub Revitalization Insights to Developing Infrastructure Transformation Standards: The lessons and insights

gained from the revitalization of the hub should be applied to the development of standards for transforming infrastructure

facilities into multifunctional public spaces.

III. To be beyond-disciplinary

Ambition cate-

gories

non-academic

partnerships and

interaction with

non-academics

equal value of

formal and informal

knowledge

defining

a common goal

possibility of reaching

a common goal

collaborative process

Improvement

potential

• Community Engagement in Revitalization Project: Actively involving representatives from the local community

in the revitalization project, granting them an equal and influential role in project discussions.

• Defining Multi-functional Hub Transformation Goals: Clearly defining the multifaceted objectives for transforming

the hub into a multi-functional public space, addressing various aspects within the study area.

NEB ANALYSIS SUMMARY

Strengths Weaknesses

• SUSTAINABILITY-Centric Project Transformation: The project

aligns with the fundamental goal of sustainability and has

the potential to be adapted to fulfill all its ambition levels,

including re-purposing, closing the loop, and regenerating the site.

The existing configuration of the study area, along with the

available open land, forms a solid foundation for sustainable

transformation.

• Enhancing Accessibility and Functional Diversity through Public

Transport: The existing public transport program serves as a strong

starting point for efforts to improve space accessibility and

diversify its functional program.

• Limited BEAUTY Value: Beyond serving as a transportation

facility, the hub lacks the capacity to satisfy the need for comfort

and sense of local identity.

• Underground infrastructure as a Challenge: Creating public space

above underground networks can be problematic in implementing.

• Little Opportunity for Collaborative Approaches and

Interdisciplinary Design: There is limited potential to introduce

innovative working methods and collaboration at NEB. This might

be achieved by establishing an interdisciplinary design team

and implementing participatory processes, potentially as part

of the broader area revitalization effort.

Opportunities Threats

• Elevating BEAUTY, SUSTAINABILITY, and INCLUSIVENESS:

The existing volume and functional layout, premises, and basic

infrastructure provide a favorable starting point for elevating

BEAUTY, SUSTAINABILITY, and the core principles of

INCLUSIVENESS to the exemplary values of the New European

Bauhaus. Additional enhancements can be easily integrated.

• Community and Stakeholder Involvement for Enhanced Working

Methods: By engaging the local community and stakeholders, it is

possible to elevate the ambition levels of model working methods:

PARTICIPATORY PROCESS to ambition II, MULTI-LEVEL

INVOLVEMENT to ambition I, and TRANS-DISCIPLINARY

APPROACH to level II.

• Streamlined Changes for Enhanced Connections: Implementing

changes to improve connections with the surrounding area,

such as widening paths and crossings and introducing green

isolation, can be achieved relatively easily.

• Defining the main theme of revitalization process as an eco-centric

one. Focusing on utilizing sustainable solutions in retrofitting,

introducing public domain in the vast open-air spaces

(remodeling the land), adding totems of locality.

• Peripheral Location as a Potential Stagnation Threat in Hub

Transformation: The peripheral location poses a challenge to

the revitalization of the hub into a multi-functional public space,

because of its peripheral location – that is why it is important to

introduce public functions appropriate for the first/last mile stop.

• Perception of Surrounding Service Areas and Quality of Public

Spaces: The perception of the surrounding service function areas

as being responsible for maintaining the quality of the adjacent

public spaces.

• Underground infrastructure as a Challenge: Creating public space

above underground networks demands innovative strategies for

forming the new landscape.

Table 1 cont. Project audit table for compliance with the ambitions and model processes of the New European Bauhaus, 2023

(elaborated by A. Woźniczka)

Tabela 1 cd. Karta oceny projektów względem zgodności z ambicjami oraz modelowymi procesami współpracy Nowego Europejskiego Bauhausu, 2023

(oprac. A. Woźniczka)

90 Agata Woźniczka

ambition categories were described in detail. Despite con-

densing the content, the simplied table captures the prin-

ciples of the NEB Compass as a tool for the valorization

of architectural concept designs and completed objects.

Conclusions

The examination of the study area within the context of

the New European Bauhaus has proven to be eective. This

eectiveness is attributed to the rigorous structure of the

values describing the initiative, the proposed methods for

their implementation, and the capacity to formulate conclu-

sions tailored to local characteristics. This study has yield-

ed fresh insights into the transformation of an infrastruc-

tural area into a multifunctional and unique public space.

The analysis of Warsaw’s multimodal transportation

hub Młociny revealed the site’s potential for seamlessly

integrating contemporary public and cultural functions

into its existing and purely infrastructural functional pro-

gram. This integration could signicantly enhance the

hub’s local signicance, enrich its multisensory appeal,

and improve the overall experiential comfort. The study

also provided guidance on how to eectively transform an

infrastructural site into a multifunctional area while main-

taining strong connections to nearby functional centres.

Throughout the research process, specic areas requiring

design intervention were identied, along with practical

and serviceable new programs for the chosen location.

The conducted examination encompassed few crucial

aspects: both the culturogenic potential of the multimodal

transportation hub and the features ensuring the inclusive-

ness of the study area were delved into. Furthermore, the

analysis demonstrated high potential for transforming the

hub in alignment with sustainability guidelines. Site-spe-

cic opportunities were identied in order to introduce

solutions mitigating climate change or reducing develop-

ment’s environmental impact. Additionally, potential ap-

proaches to engage users in co-designing the revitalisation

process of the study area were also diagnosed.

The structure of the assessment form facilitates the

systematisation of the examined aspects of the project. It

also provides a framework for outlining design guidelines

aimed at improving the functional programme, as well as

formal and technological solutions supporting sustainable

development. By incorporating a graded scale of ambitions

aligned with the New European values, these guidelines

can be adjusted to suit local conditions (spatial, social,

environmental and economic) and to ensure the practical

feasibility of change.

The formulated conclusions arm the potential for

transforming the existing hub into a contemporary public

space in accordance with the NEB initiative. It is import-

ant to emphasize that the design guidelines aim to enhance

the space’s quality and user experience rather than serve

political interests – the value of prots from introducing

NEB-oriented solutions is too complex to be solely mea-

sured as political capital. This humanistic aspect of the

NEB makes it a suitable political initiative for fostering

a widespread, contemporary design language and support-

ing its implementation. Furthermore, the presented audit

and design research form concerning the revitalization of

multimodal transportation hub shows that the NEB Com-

pass can serve as both an analytical tool and a systematic

framework for developing design guidelines. Importantly,

performed analyses were conducted using a combination

of basic literature studies, publicly available information

about the project site, and on-site observations of the

study areas. This approach ensured that the tool can be

eectively used by individuals with varying levels of ex-

pertise. The experience gained from conducting these case

studies underscored that, thanks to the accessibility of the

required information, the NEB Compass can be utilized

by both design professionals and individuals interested in

shaping public spaces in their local communities.

Furthermore, the research conducted on the quality

of selected common spaces in Warsaw emphasizes the

usability of the NEB Compass not only for evaluating

a project in the light of a policy initiative but also for en-

hancing the entire project life cycle. The initial concern

that conclusions about enhancing spatial quality would

be uniform across all the selected locations has been dis-

pelled through a meticulous analysis of the NEB’s value

denition. This analysis highlighted activities with the re-

alistic potential for change.

Tailored to the unique characteristics of each study site,

the guidelines illustrated how formal improvements and

functional enhancements can be implemented in selected

public spaces using a clear and comprehensible analysis

structure. The multidirectional recommendations, aligned

with the principles of the NEB, stress the substantial value

of this policy initiative in today’s context, emphasizing

the role of communal spaces in fostering inclusive local

communities and enhancing urban biotope resilience. The

NEB emerges as a political movement capable of shaping

the contemporary perspective and ethos of urban design-

ers, property owners, and community members.

Concluding, the obtained results suggest that the NEB

initiative could have a signicant impact on the develop-

ment of communal spaces and, consequently, on its broad-

er geopolitical success. This research has demonstrated

that the NEB and its associated tools have the potential

to create a knowledge and experience exchange platform,

akin to the historic Bauhaus, enabling the denition of

contemporary design guidelines through interdisciplinary

collaboration. The instruments supporting the NEB ini-

tiative allow for the occurrence of multifunctional areas

(where recreation is not a dominant function), inclusion

of spaces of local and regional signicance, and areas in-

tegrated into complex urban systems rather than isolated

architectural compositions. The interest shown by War-

saw’s city authorities in the impact of the NEB and the

tools the initiative can develop as aids for valorising and

designing urban spaces reects a commitment to realizing

pan-European political aspirations. It also signies a shift

in the organizational structures of urban entities, which

are now seeking not only project selection procedures but

also tools for evaluating projects at various stages of their

life cycle.

It is crucial to highlight the importance of well-crafted,

multifaceted design guidelines in long-term development

The impact of policy initiatives on the design of public spaces on the example of the New European Bauhaus 91

strategies and smaller-scale (even temporary) multifunc-

tional spatial interventions. This underscores the signi-

cance of the NEB Compass and locally customized pro-

cesses that utilize this instrument to develop assessment

charts and formulate revitalization recommendations.

Such tools have the potential to exert a substantial inu-

ence on the design of communal spaces, especially when

applying those in diverse scales of intervention and vari-

ous project timespans.

In addition to diagnosing the signicance of the NEB

initiative in shaping contemporary public spaces, the re-

search demonstrated that the NEB Compass, as a design

tool for realizing the policy initiative’s ambitions, oers

several notable advantages. The NEB Compass:

– features well-dened, dierentiated quality criteria to

support multi-faceted design,

– includes clear levels of intensication for New Euro-

pean Bauhaus values and working principles, which are

presented in an understandable manner,

– formulates clear and comprehensible questions to

help determinate the ambition levels and value denitions

of the New European Bauhaus,

– enhances understanding of the initiative’s ambitions

by supplementing the instructions for using the NEB

Compass with exemplary examples,

– employs a visually intuitive method for presenting

the results of the analysis (making them accessible to both

industry experts and a broader audience) in the form of

graphics that vary in colour intensity and composition,

– simplies the process of formulating conclusions

from the analyses as actionable improvement guidelines.

As a result of the performed research, the weaknesses

of the NEB Compass tool and the potential risks associ-

ated with halting the development of its future versions

were identied. These include:

– Subjectivity in case evaluation: The tool’s evaluation

of the analysed cases may exhibit subjectivity due to its re-

liance on qualitative criteria alone. To address this, it may

be necessary to complement the full evaluation process with

analyses based on measurable and quantitative criteria,

– Small Sample Group: The NEB Compass has been test-

ed on a limited sample group thus far. Consequently, there

may be a need to rene evaluation criteria based on func-

tional groups or the specic program of the building or space

under consideration. To address this issue, a preliminary

analysis section was introduced in the study of multimodal

transportation hub. This section provided a detailed descrip-

tion of the dominant function of the area being analysed.

The study’s ndings strongly suggest that the NEB

Compass can be eectively utilized in formulating design

guidelines for a comprehensive, sustainable revitalization

of the analysed area. These guidelines have the potential

to encompass various process aspects: not only formal or

technological solutions, but also changes in the way the

space is managed, methods of involving the local commu-

nity, or the formulation of an interdisciplinary team for the

detailed design of a holistic revitalization.

In addition to its use in evaluating existing spaces, the

NEB Compass can serve as a valuable tool for formulat-

ing design guidelines for emerging developments. This

can be achieved through a step-by-step process. It should

begin with assessing how well the project aligns with the

NEB values or what the design aspirations are. Then, the

ambition levels within the NEB Compass should be uti-

lized as exible guidelines for the design team. Impor-

tantly, these ambition levels should serve both for work

methods and composition guidelines. As the project pro-

gresses, one should delve into specic NEB values and

ambitions that are the most relevant. Then these values

can be translated into precise design guidelines. When

combined with the basic program of a given project, the

NEB Compass ambitions could complement and support

the functional program of the design site. By following

this approach, the NEB Compass could become an inte-

gral tool for guiding the design team in creating projects

that are as beautiful, sustainable, inclusive, and interdisci-

plinary as possible.

Summary

In conclusion, it is essential to highlight the signi-

cance and the potential impact of policy initiatives on

public space design. To ensure the successful translation

of political declarations into the qualities of urban shared

areas, it is crucial to provide design tools that clearly

and systematically dene benchmark values. These tools

should also indicate key areas of interest or aspects of de-

sign for architects to consider in their work.

Conducted research has shown that the NEB Compass,

developed within the NEB initiative, is an eective tool

for qualitative evaluation of the existing projects in line

with the principles of this political program. Furthermore,

through the restructuring of its operating principles, the

NEB Compass can also be used to establish guidelines

for both revitalization processes and the creation of new

spaces. The work undertaken has identied opportunities

for enhancing the existing tool’s functionality and rening

its structure, enabling the development of more accurate,

precise and targeted recommendations.

Promoting multifaceted design is highly worthwhile,

as it aligns with the objectives of sustainable development

and ensures the resilience of urban spaces. Embracing

contemporary values regarding environmental quality,

which are signicant for both local communities and po-

litical organizations, can catalyze the creation of eective

tools for project implementation in accordance with de-

ned goals. A notable example of such eorts is the estab-

lishment of the NEB initiative with its practical approach,

exemplied by the tools developed to assess ongoing

projects. To enhance the initiative’s eectiveness and its

implementation potential, it is essential to continuously

evaluate available instruments and explore opportunities

to transform analytical systems into design frameworks

for dening project guidelines. These initiatives will help

physically implement the aspirations of the NEB and con-

tribute to the widespread acceptance and adoption of the

values championed by the initiative.

Translated by

Agata Woźniczka

92 Agata Woźniczka

Abstract

The impact of policy initiatives on the design of public spaces on the example of the New European Bauhaus

The program of contemporary public spaces continues to add new functions. As is the awareness of using the design of common spaces to spec-

ulate on property values, the use of architecture and public spaces of the second decade of the 21

century as political paraphernalia – used by both

civic initiatives and ocial administrative bodies – is also growing in popularity.

The author’s goal in this paper was to examine the impact of political initiatives on public spaces, and because of the timeliness and multifaceted

ambitions of the New European Bauhaus (NEB), it was this initiative that was chosen for analysis. The paper describes the implementation potential

of the NEB Compass, a tool that the New European Bauhaus initiative is currently proposing as a concrete aid to realizing abstract ambitions. During

the research , an extensive literature study of the subject was carried out, which provided an overview of ocial EU documents describing the New

European Bauhaus initiative and the principles of the NEB Compass. The “research by design” method was then used to transform the Compass

from an evaluation system into an instrument for formulating design guidelines. The studied multimodal interchanges of the city of Warsaw and the

guidelines for their revitalization, formulated through the NEB Compass, showed that an audit tool can be transformed into a design instrument.

Testing the resulting evaluation sheet in a project on transforming Warsaw’s interchanges into sustainable and inclusive public spaces made it

possible to dene eective ways of transforming urban infrastructure into public space, and to diagnose the potential impact of the chosen policy

initiative on shaping contemporary public spaces.

Key words: sustainability, New European Bauhaus, public space, multifaceted design, design tools

Streszczenie

Wpływ inicjatyw politycznych na projektowanie przestrzeni publicznych na przykładzie Nowego Europejskiego Bauhausu

Program współczesnych przestrzeni publicznych wciąż uzupełniają nowe funkcje. Podobnie jak świadomość wykorzystywania projektów prze-

strzeni wspólnych do spekulacji wartością nieruchomości, rośnie także popularność wykorzystywania architektury i przestrzeni publicznych drugiej

dekady XXI w. jako akcesoriów politycznych – używanych i przez inicjatywy obywatelskie, i ocjalne organy administracji.

Celem autorki pracy było przebadanie wpływu inicjatyw politycznych na przestrzenie publiczne, a ze względu na aktualność i wie lo-

aspektowość wartości Nowego Europejskiego Bauhausu (NEB) to właśnie tę inicjatywę wybrano do analizy. W artykule opisano potencjał wdroże-

niowy Kompasu NEB – narzędzia, które inicjatywa Nowego Europejskiego Bauhausu obecnie proponuje jako konkretną pomoc w realizacji abstrak-

cyjnych ambicji. Podczas pracy badawczej przeprowadzono rozległe studia literatury przedmiotu, które pozwoliły na zapoznanie się z ocjalnymi

dokumentami unijnymi opisującymi inicjatywę Nowego Europejskiego Bauhausu oraz zasady działania Kompasu NEB. Następnie wykorzystano

metodę „badania przez projektowanie” w celu przekształcenia Kompasu z systemu oceny w instrument do formułowania wytycznych projektowych.

Zbadane multimodalne węzły przesiadkowe m.st. Warszawy i wytyczne ich rewitalizacji, sformułowane dzięki Kompasowi NEB, pokazały, że na-

rzędzie służące audytowi można przekształcić w instrument projektowy.

Testowanie powstałej karty oceny w projekcie dotyczącym przekształcenia warszawskich węzłów przesiadkowych w zrównoważone i inkluzyjne

przestrzenie publiczne umożliwiło zdeniowanie efektywnych sposobów przekształcenia miejskiej infrastruktury w przestrzeń publiczną oraz dia-

gnozę potencjalnego wpływu wybranej inicjatywy politycznej na kształtowanie współczesnych przestrzeni publicznych.

Słowa kluczowe: zrównoważenie, Nowy Europejski Bauhaus, przestrzeń publiczna, projektowanie wieloaspektowe, narzędzia projektowe

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References

Acknowledgements

This study was made possible thanks to the Warsaw grant for doctoral

students. It supported the realization of the project “Transportation hubs

as elements of public infrastructure realising the ambitions of the New

European Bauhaus – guidelines for multifaceted design”.