The role and scope of architectural and conservation research procedures in the process of restoring the splendour of an architectural monument created after 1945 on the example of the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia

Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen

doi:10.37190/arc220411

Abstract

Modern Movement buildings, despite their relatively recent construction, are sometimes affected by radical transformations of layout and form. The railway stations being one of the most important public buildings in the city are a special group of them. Due to long-term and intensive use they may bear the signs of exploitation of parts of its substance and have secondary transformations disharmony with the building. The subject of the article are architectural and conservation studies of the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia, built in the mid-1950s. The authors of the article set themselves the goal of presenting the research procedures developed for it in the years 2016–2022, which are an introduction to revaluation process. The research methods used during the field work made it possible to identify the originally used techniques of execution and finishing methods and to determine the procedures for their reconstruction using conservation methods. The results of the conducted research became the basis for determining the scope of conservation protection of the station building, as well as the possibility of interfering with its partly “functionless” substance through adaptation and modernization activities.

Keywords:
architectural-and-conservation-documentation
program-of-conservation-and-restoration-works
architecture-after-1945
revalorization
gdynia-suburban-railway-station

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2022

4(72)

Anna Orchowska-Smolińska*, Anna Kriegseisen**

The role and scope of architectural and conservation

research procedures in the process of restoring the splendour

of an architectural monument created after 1945 on the example

of the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia

Introduction

Gdynia Suburban Railway Station was built in the

1950s (1956–1959) as one of the two buildings belong-

ing to the post-war railway station complex (1950–1959).

As a result of intensive use, lasting 50 years, the railway

station buildings at the beginning of the 21

century

were very worn-out, which was especially visible in the

station’s public utility interiors. The deterioration in the

functional and aesthetic values was inuenced not only

by the neglect or destruction of the heritage asset but also

by the numerous transformations. They took place both

in terms of space (additional separations introduced in

communication routes) and functionality (changes in the

purpose of individual parts of the station) [1], [2, pp. 340,

341]. Poor technical condition, problems with ensuring

the appropriate standard of the degraded substance and

the common sense of the lack of obvious historic values

of the complex resulted in the creation in 2006 of the con-

cept of its partial demolition. Instead, the construction of

a modern railway station connected with a shopping mall

in its place was proposed. In 2007 the complex was in-

cluded in the entry of the urban layout of the city centre

of Gdynia into the register of monuments [3], however,

this did not guarantee full protection of the rich equipment

and interior design of the station’s public interiors. To pre-

vent the destruction of the historic station, research and

development work aimed at documenting the resource,

the state of its preservation and assessment of the cultur-

al potential began [4], [5]. This allowed the Gdańsk Pro-

vincial Inspector of Monuments (Pomorski Wojewódzki

Konserwator Zabytków – PWKZ) to decide in 2008 to es-

tablish legal protection through an entry in the register of

monuments [6]. In this case, the conservation protection

of the railway station complex not only drew awareness

to historic values of the building, but also emphasized the

role of architecture in the 2

half of the 20

century since

it was the rst entry in the register of a building erected

after World War II in the city. There was no doubt that the

railway station’s historic complex continues the patterns

and architectural traditions of Gdynia.

In 2010–2012, a thorough reconstruction was carried

out, along with the renovation of the interior of the main

part of the Gdynia station complex and the arcaded con-

nector

. They were preceded by a series of research works

aimed at dening the conditions for the revalorization of

the entire railway station [8]–[10]. The renovation and

conservation works carried out at that time brought about

new scientic discoveries regarding the details and artistic

works left in the building of the Main Railway Station

[11]–[13]. However, renovation works did not cover the

The renovation of Gdynia’s railway station has diametrically

changed the public opinion’s attitude towards the accuracy of the de-

cision to protect its historical values. This is evidenced by the survey

conducted in June 2012 by the regional internet portal Trójmiasto.pl. To

the question asked Are you satised that the Gdynia railway station has

been renovated? readers (1,456 respondents in total) answered: 82% Yes,

it’s good that its character has been preserved, 10% I would prefer a new

building, but it must be admitted that it turned out quite well, 8% No, the

old one should be demolished, and a modern building could be erected

in its place, which would become a building for the 21

century [7].

DOI: 10.37190/arc220411

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

* ORCID: 0000-0002-9930-3655. Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk

University of Technology, Poland, e-mail: anna.smolinska@pg.edu.pl

** ORCID: 0000-0001-5181-4758. Faculty of History, University

of Gdańsk, Poland.

118 Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen

building of the Suburban Railway Station

. The prepara-

tory procedure for the major renovation of a part of the

Suburban Railway Station planned for 2022–2023 has be-

come an opportunity to apply specic research methods

at the stage preceding the construction project and during

its preparation. The article aims to present the procedures

used in the development of architectural and conservation

documentation for the renovated building of the Suburban

Railway Station in Gdynia.

Brief history of the Gdynia station complex

The station building complex consists of two buildings

– a long-distance station and an electric railway station

(Fig. 1), as well as a passage connecting them. The creator

of each station buildings was a dierent outstanding archi-

tect. Even though they belonged to dierent generations of

artists, they both designed in the spirit of Modern Move-

ment. The rst of them – Wacław Tomaszewski

– started

Individual buildings belonging to the Gdynia Główna railway

station complex are operated by various companies of the PKP Group.

The entity responsible for the building of the Suburban Railway Station

is PKP Szybka Kolej Miejska w Trójmieście sp. z o.o., while the building

of Gdynia Główna Railway Station – Polskie Koleje Państwowe S.A.

Wacław Tomaszewski (1884–1969) lived and designed in Gdynia

from 1928, where he designed a number of residential buildings (villas,

tenement houses), administrative and industrial buildings. Some of them

are: 1928 – design of the complex of buildings of the School of Maritime

Trade and Port Technology and the State Maritime School, 1929 – de-

sign of the superstructure and façade decoration of the building of the

State Meteorological Institute and the design of the Sailor’s House, 1933

– design of the Fruit Auction warehouse in the port of Gdynia, 1935

– design of an oce building for the Bergenske company, 1936 – design

of a residential and oce building for the company Gdynika Maklerzy

Ubezpieczeń Morskich, 1938 – design of the building of The Court of

Arbitration at the Gdynia Cotton Association. After World War II, he

worked at the Port Reconstruction Oce and at the Gdańsk University

of Technology, where he was a professor.

His scientic achievements include the analysis of the needs of rail-

way stations on the example of the railway station in Gdynia (linking

his designing activities in the interwar period to leave be-

hind many Gdynia public buildings. His student and asso-

ciate – Lech Zaleski

– took over the mission of his teacher

after the war, designing other buildings important for the

city in the form of modernism. The master and the student

were united by one architectural work – the complex of

Gdynia main station.

Gdynia Główna railway station, built after World War II,

was not the rst station in Gdynia in this location. In the

interwar period, one facility served as a long-distance and

local (suburban) station. It was a railway station designed

by Romuald Miller and was constructed between 1923 and

1926. The building was kept in historical forms and re-

ferred to the features of Polish architecture combined with

regional Pomeranian accents [15, pp. 86, 87]. During the

liberation ghts at the end of March 1945, the station was

set on re. The provisionally rebuilt building was put into

temporary use as early as in 1946, and then a decision was

made to demolish it to the basement level [16, p. 16], [17].

The design of a new, larger station was entrusted to

Wacław Tomaszewski, an experienced architect, profes-

sor at the Faculty of Architecture of the Gdańsk Universi-

ty of Technology and initiator of the Polish school of ship

architecture. The construction of the station was carried

out in stages, initially, the right wing with the central part

of the building was opened (1954), and the following year

the rest of the main station building (July 22, 1955)

In the next stage (1956–1959), the Suburban Railway

Station (Fig. 2) and a connector enabling the passage be-

tween the station buildings were built using the roof sup-

ported by double pillars. The construction of a detached

suburban station was related to the idea of improving the

service of local rail trac connecting a group of three cit-

ies: Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia with the use of electric

trains

. The completion in 1956 of works related to the

construction of the tracks on the sections meeting at the

Gdynia Główna Railway Station

opened the way for the

the function of the station with the city, especially with the port) and the

study of the possibilities of architectural solutions in the art of shipbuild-

ing [14, p. 22].

Lech Zaleski (1928–1988) worked in the Department of De-

signing Ports and Przymorze GUT and the Maritime Construction De-

sign Oce in Gdańsk. He was a professor at the Gdańsk University of

Technology, and in the years 1983–1985, he was the dean of the Faculty

of Architecture. From 1987–1988 he was the president of the District

Board of the Association of Polish Architects in Gdańsk. Among his ar-

chitectural realizations in Gdynia are: 1958 – design of the extension of

the unnished Marine Station into the function of the Gdynia Aquarium,

1962 – design of the Gdynia Harbor Master’s Oce (co-author Janina

Roszak), 1965 – design of the boarding house of the National School of

Sea Fishing, 1973 – design of the Gdańsk Shipping Passenger Station in

Gdynia (co-author: Stanisław Dopierała).

The restaurant hall was fully equipped and nished in the form of

richly painted decorations only in 1957.

The rolling stock powered by direct current (DC) with a voltage

of 800 volts, coming from the Berlin city rail line (Berliner Stadtbahn),

is designed to handle the passenger movement of SKM in the Tri-City. It

was a total of 189 wagons (belonging to three series: ET165, ET166 and

ET167) obtained as war reparations [15].

For this purpose, a pair of tracks was designed to run parallel to

the existing long-distance lines. The electric line on the section Orłowo

– Gdynia Główna was opened on May 1, 1954, and from the Gdynia

Główna station to Gdynia Chylonia – on January 15, 1956 [16, p. 23].

Fig. 1. The building of the electric railway station in Gdynia,

also known as “suburban”. View of the façade on a postcard from ca 1960

(photo by K. Woźniczko, Publishing House “RUCH”)

Il. 1. Budynek dworca kolei elektrycznej w Gdyni zwany też

„podmiejskim”. Widok fasady dworca na pocztówce z około 1960 r.

(fot. K. Woźniczko, Wydawnictwo “RUCH”)

Research procedures for the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia 119

construction of the Suburban Railway Station building.

This project was entrusted to an architect of the young

generation, only 27-year-old at the time – Lech Zaleski,

involved by Professor Tomaszewski in earlier works on

the Gdynia Główna Railway Station project.

The shape of the new building t perfectly into the

composition of the entire complex. The ground oor was

planned as follows: a spacious checkout hall with a tunnel

passage to the platform, a quick service bar (“WARS”),

sanitary facilities, and small service points. The 2

oor

has been dedicated to a cinema room and a common room

for young people. Since the construction of the original-

ly planned large cinema was abandoned, the entire upper

oor with the terrace was nally designed as an elegant

café. The PKP Restaurant “ORBIS” was established there,

as it was then said, “the largest cafe in Gdynia, with a hun-

dred tables, of the highest lux category”. The opening of

the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia took place in

April 1959 (Fig. 3).

Architecture and construction

of the Suburban Railway Station

Focusing on the architecture of the Suburban Railway

Station proposed by Zaleski (Figs. 4, 5), the front of the

building introduces a curvilinear entry theme where upper

storey got the stepped retraction. The lower, more protru-

ding level conceals the entrance arcade, supported by four

pairs of round columns. There are three radially situated

entrances with a common vestibule. The arcade was de-

signed along the contour of the entire front elevation. Its

layout is emphasized by the full terrace balustrade on the

upper oor. The recessed, semicircular part of the building

is anked by lower, rectangular side wings. The horizontal

composition was clearly broken by ve vertical windows

arranged in the central cylinder part of the body. In the axis

of the semicircular part there is a top in the form of a raised

cornice supported on simple consoles, with a decorative

element below – the clock’s oculus on a square backgro-

Fig. 2. The new building of the electric railway station in Gdynia

under construction, 1958 (KFP) (photo by Z. Kosycarz)

Il. 2. Nowy budynek dworca kolei elektrycznej w Gdyni

podczas budowy, 1958 (KFP) (fot. Z. Kosycarz)

Fig. 3. The Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia shortly after opening

the station in 1959 (KFP) (photo by Z. Kosycarz)

Il. 3. Dworzec Podmiejski w Gdyni niedługo po otwarciu w 1959 (KFP)

(fot. Z. Kosycarz)

und, which is clearly a nod to the architecture of the main

railway station building. The façade elements and details

were accentuated with a smooth plastered mesh painted

in a lighter color with a grid of vertical and horizontal

grooves – rustication, marking the articulation of the wal-

ls. Interestingly, unlike the modernist public buildings

of Gdynia erected in the 1930s, which used reinforced

concrete, the station building was built using traditional

technology. External and internal walls are made of brick,

Ackerman’s multi-rib ceilings and monolithic reinforced

concrete ceilings with proled gypsum sot.

Both the elevations and the interiors of the Suburban

Railway Station building were solved with great attention

to the quality of the art solutions. Zaleski used a similar set

of decor elements as Professor Tomaszewski at the Main

Railway Station. These were, for example, coered ceiling

decorations with the use of indirect light, a corresponding

oor composition made of multi-coloured stone slabs,

wooden cladding on walls and pillars, lamellar radiator

casings, ttings for cash desks, retail outlets, and many

others. However, they are characterized by a much more

moderate style than the building of the main railway sta-

tion (Fig. 5). This can be associated both with the dierent

preferences of the architects behind the projects, as well as

with the time at which each of the projects was created and

carried out. It should be borne in mind that from the mid-

1950s onwards, the rigorous rules outlined by the socialist

realism in force in Poland from 1949 were loosened. Even

though the complex was created in the period marked by

this doctrine, the architecture of the station buildings, is

in the rst place an example of the pre-war design expe-

rience of the main architect – Wacław Tomaszewski. He

used typical for his previous works modernized historical

forms which correspond perfectly to the times of the post-

war railway station. Quoting Anna Cymer, Tomaszewski

[…] modied the imposed aesthetics of socialist realism in

his original way, creating an ele gant building with rhyth 

mic divisions and classic detail [18, p. 85]. The architec-

ture of the second building – the Suburban Railway Station

120 Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen

– clearly shows the intention to continue the master’s cre-

ative contribution in parallel with the desire to simplify

the form and move towards modernity.

Although, as Robert Hirsch rightly wrote, The mod

est solids of the railway station buildings hide an excep

tionally rich interior design, somewhat historicizing in

character, but full of individual details [2, p. 339], it is

thanks to the restrained architectural form of the solids

that the station complex has perfectly t into the archi-

tectural language of Gdynia. By using the fragmentation

of solids characteristic of modernism, a contrast of cubic

and cylindrical forms, at roofs and expressive geometric

articulation, the architects continued the patterns of local

architecture that emerged in the heyday of modernism,

initiated in the 1930s.

Earlier state of research

The Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia is part of

a larger station complex – Gdynia Główna, therefore this

monument and the aspects of its conservation should be

considered in the broader context of the entire building

complex. For the rst time, the architectural values of the

post-war Gdynia Railway Station were noticed in the mid-

1990s. At that time, an article by Dr. Eng. arch. Marek

Stępa appeared, presenting the station in the context of the

heritage of technology [19]. In the description of the cat-

alogue of historical railway facilities located in the city of

Gdynia prepared in 2002 by the Pomorskie Towarzystwo

Miłośników Kolei Żelaznych [Pomeranian Society of Iron

Railway Enthusiasts], we can read the recommendation

to put a dozen or so of the most valuable buildings under

conservation protection, including the Gdynia Główna

Railway Station [16]. The rst conservation recognition

of the value of the railway station complex was carried out in

2006 as part of the procedure for entering a monument into

the register of monuments. At that time, as a result of the

preliminary historical evaluation, the study entitled Główny

Dworzec Kolejowy w Gdyni. Rozpoznanie archi tektonicz no

konserwatorskie zespołu budynków [The Main Railway

Station in Gdynia. Architectural and conser vation recon-

naissance of the complex buildings] [4] was created. The

premise of this study was to identify basic attributes of the

monument, pre-determine the state of its preservation, and

also indicate elements that cause disharmony and degrade

the historic structure of the station. The following year,

at the request of the City Conservator of Monuments in

Gdynia, a monument record (inventory) was drawn up,

presenting the architectural concept and rich decor of

the Gdynia Railway Station [5]. Based on the previous

knowledge about the railway station complex in Gdynia

and eld research carried out in 2008, the rst large re-

search project concerning the station complex in Gdynia

was carried out. As a summary of the project, Wytyczne

konserwatorskie rewaloryzacji Dworca kolejowego Gdy

nia Główna [Conservation Guidelines for the revalori-

zation of the Gdynia Główna Railway Station] [8] were

prepared, which became the basis for the development in

2009 of Program prac konserwatorskich zespołu budowli

kolejowego Dworca Głównego w Gdyni [The programme

of conservation works for the Railway Station complex

in Gdynia] [9]. The research conducted at that time was

a preparatory stage for the implementation of the invest-

ment by the company PKP Dworce Kolejowe under the

name of Reconstruction of the Gdynia Główna railway

station complex (2010–2012). Even though the restoration

works did not cover the building of the Suburban Rail-

way Station, the types and scope of conservation works

Fig. 4. Front elevation (south-east)

of the Gdynia Główna Suburban Railway Station, June 2022

(before the start of restoration works)

(photo by A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

Il. 4. Elewacja frontowa (południowo-wschodnia)

budynku Dworca Podmiejskiego Gdynia Główna, czerwiec 2022

(przed rozpoczęciem prac rewaloryzacyjnych)

(fot. A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

Fig. 5. Side elevation (north-east) of the Gdynia Główna Suburban

Railway Station, June 2022 (before the start of conservation work).

Visible, clear references to the shapes of vessels typical

of the architecture of the interwar period (hull, ship’s superstructure,

decks, sides and rails) (photo by A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

Il. 5. Elewacja boczna (północno-wschodnia) budynku Dworca

Podmiejskiego Gdynia Główna, czerwiec 2022 (przed rozpoczęciem

prac konserwatorskich). Widoczne czytelne odwołania do

charakterystycznych dla architektury Gdyni okresu międzywojennego

kształtów jednostek pływających (kadłub, okrętowa nadbudówka,

pokłady, burty i relingi) (fot. A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

Research procedures for the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia 121

undertaken then, became the basis for further research

work for Suburban Railway Station (SKM) building.

They have been listed in the Dokumentacja prac konser

watorskich wykonanych w ramach projektu Przebudowa

Kompleksu dworcowego Gdynia Główna [Documentation

of conservation works carried out as part of the project

– Reconstruction of the Gdynia Główna railway station

complex] [12].

Research method used

Since the establishment in 1988 of the International

Working Party for the Documentation and Conservation

of Buildings, Sites and Neighbourhoods of the Modern

Movement, called Docomomo for short, the mission of

preserving modernist monuments has focused on the is-

sues of documentation and protection of works of archi-

tecture of the modernist movement. Using the research

philosophy promoted by this organization, as well as us-

ing numerous experiences from the conservation work of

modernist buildings

, including mainly the revalorization

of the Main Railway Station carried out in 2010–2012

[12], [13], the principles adopted in the conservation of

the historic building of the Suburban Railway Station

were developed. The following were adopted as the ba-

sic principles: (1) placing special emphasis on detailed

research on the object undergoing restoration works, (2)

meticulous documentation, reading and understanding of

the designer’s intentions, (3) delaying the history of the

construction of the object, taking into account the time

and circumstances of its construction, (4) learning the his-

tory of the building’s use, (5) determining the future func-

The dilemmas related to the adaptation of objects of the Modern

Movement were discussed and analyzed by researchers, historians of ar-

chitecture and practitioners of conservation of modernist buildings. All sort

of problems conservators have to deal with were presented, among others

by Wiek Röling [20], Luc Verpoest [21], Małgorzata Omilanow ska [22],

Bogusław Szmygin [23]. Scientists agree that modernist buildings re-

quire a very individual approach during research and conservation work.

Fig. 6. Conservation guidelines for the renovation of the Gdynia Główna Railway Station related to the building of the Suburban Railway Station.

The initial decisions and indications concerning the historical revalorization of the substance of the station building, 2008 (source: [8]).

Explanations: Maintenance guidelines – function and spatial arrangement. Elements of historical layout (functional and spatial units

with a valuable architectural and/or artistic design: Ł, P, R, I, N, Ł, M, O, S). Recommended functional program and secondary divisions

of space to be liquidated and primary arrangement to be restored (elaborated by A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

Il. 6. Wytyczne konserwatorskie rewaloryzacji Dworca Kolejowego Gdynia Główna w odniesieniu do budynku Dworca Kolei Podmiejskiej.

Wyjściowe decyzje i wskazania w odniesieniu do rewaloryzacji historycznej substancji budynku dworcowego, 2008 (źródło: [8])

Objaśnienia: Wytyczne konserwatorskie – funkcja i układ przestrzenny. Elementy historycznego układu (zespoły funkcjonalno-przestrzenne

o wartościowym projekcie architektonicznym i/lub artystycznym: Ł, P, R, I, N, Ł, M, O, S). Zalecany program funkcjonalny i drugorzędne

podziały przestrzeni do likwidacji i pierwotny układ do przywrócenia (oprac. A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

122 Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen

tional program recommended from the point of view of

the history of the object, or (6) determining conservation

recommendations and warranted interventions.

Considering the above, the functional recommenda-

tions developed in 2008 for the historic building of the

Suburban Railway Station (Fig. 6), which is part of the

Gdynia Główna railway station complex [8], became the

basis at the stage of detailed research and preparation of

implementation projects. Research and design works re-

lated to the renovation of a part of the suburban station

were carried out in 2016 and 2021

at the request of the

The investment under the name of Construction of an integrated

safety monitoring and information management system on railway line

No. 250 along with the modernization of the building of the Suburban

Railway Station in Gdynia and the SKM platform, commissioned by

PKP Szybka Kolej Miejska w Trójmieście sp. z o.o., and implemented

by T4B sp. z o.o. and MAXTO Technology sp. z o.o. The ARCH-DECO

sp. z o.o. was responsible for the design documentation. The research

process was conducted in 2016 by A. Orchowska-Smolińska on the basis

of which Założenia konserwatorskie do rewaloryzacji budynku dworca

kolei podmiejskich w Gdyni [Conservation assumptions for the revalo-

rization of the suburban railway station building in Gdynia] [24] were

investor as part of the process preceding the renovation

and modernization works (Fig. 7). The initial design sta-

ge consisted in elaborating a design concept, the essential

part of which was the development of the utility program

for the station building.

Stages of research and design activities during the

development of the renovation project of the Suburban

Railway Station in Gdynia were carried out in the fol-

lowing sequence: (I) Documentation and research of the

resource, (II) Conservation assumptions for the renova-

tion of the building, (III) Functional and spatial concept

for the modernization of the building, (IV) Conservation

research, (V) Program of conservation and restoration

developed and then Koncepcja funkcjonalnoprzestrzenna modernizacji

budynku Dworca Podmiejskiego Gdynia Główna [Functional and spatial

concept for the modernization of the Gdynia Główna Suburban Railway

Station building] [25] by architects from ARCH DECO. In 2021, rese-

arch work was continued in the team of A. Kriegseisen and A. Orchow-

ska-Smolińska who developed Program prac konserwatorskich i restau

ratorskich. Budynek Dworca Podmiejskiego Gdynia Główna [Program

of conservation and restoration works. The building of the Gdynia Głów-

na Suburban Railway Station] [26].

Fig. 7. Concept for the renovation of the façade of the suburban railway station building in Gdynia, 2016:

a) front elevation (south-east), b) side elevation (north-east) (source: [20], [21])

Il. 7. Koncepcja rewaloryzacji elewacji budynku dworca podmiejskiego w Gdyni, 2016:

a) elewacja frontowa (południowo-wschodnia), b) elewacja boczna (północno-wschodnia) (źródło: [20], [21])

Research procedures for the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia 123

works and (VI) Detailed design for the modernization of

the historic building.

Procedures aimed at restoring the splendour of the his-

toric complex of the Gdynia Główna Railway Station and

the Suburban Railway Station began with listing historical

functional and spatial units with valuable architectural and

artistic decorations and formulating recommendations re-

lated to the utility program. The study was supplemented

with indications of ahistorical elements, disharmonizing

the historical structure, along with the guidelines for re-

storing its integrity. These were the secondary divisions of

the space to be liquidated, as well as the changed original

layouts to be opened

For the protection of the historic SKM Station, an im-

portant issue is the maintenance of the authenticity of

its original architectural form, details, and nishing mate-

rials. It is these elements that are the carriers of the histor-

ic values of the building in the case of the architecture of

the modernist period and more recent. The protection cov-

ers the architectural form of the building, the form of the

façade and architectural detail, the layout and size of win-

dow and door openings as well as the building’s structural

layout. Therefore, the guidelines for restoration work for

the façade of the station dened the instructions regarding

individual elements

Scientic research became the basis for the detailed design (Ex-

ecutive design) Modernizacja budynku Dworca Podmiejskiego w Gdyni

oraz peronu SKM na stacji Gdynia Główna [Modernization of the build-

ing of the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia and the SKM platform

at the Gdynia Główna station] developed by architects from the ARCH

DECO [27].

It is worth noting that the archival documentation of the build-

ing is only fragmentary. For the building erected relatively recently,

only single inventory drawings made by the Student Work Cooperative

TECHNO SERVICE in the 1980s are available [28]. Nevertheless, they

fully conrm the image of the façade obtained during the research before

they were subjected to the most radical transformations in the 1990s.

The conservation assumptions of the Suburban Rail-

way Station restoration project were formulated concern-

ing the actions and solutions necessary to be implemented

as part of maintaining the integrity of the body and façade

composition, required to obtain the functional and utility

conditions of the building, as well as the rules of conduct

in relation to the layout, elements of equipment and in-

terior design. Despite the numerous previous reconstruc-

tions of the station building, the spatial layout of the main

interior of the public utility – the main hall connected

with a representative staircase, remained clear in its basic

functional solution (Fig. 8). The initial guideline of the

railway station restoration project was the preservation of

the original functional solution along with the restoration

of the spatial layout elements that have lost their legibili-

ty. The developed principles of introducing new functions

to the space inside the station building assumed the ad-

justment of each of the adaptation plans to the following

guidelines: (1) obligatory preservation of the integrity of

the public space in the suburban station hall, without in-

troducing any additional divisions, (2) preservation of all

permanent elements of the historical interior design and

(3) adjusting the newly designed elements to the histori-

cal composition, layout and style of the interiors, leaving

a clear distinction between new and historical elements.

Detailed conservation guidelines for the restoration

of the Suburban Railway Station were based on the pres-

ervation of the historical architectural form of the build-

ing and restoration of the full integrity of the substance

elements. This, in turn, has been deprived of it as a result

of transformations, improper use or neglect in the cur-

rent maintenance of proper condition. Particular attention

was paid to the nature of the historic building and all el-

ements of its equipment and decor. It was necessary due

to the specicity of the architecture of socialist realism

and post-war modernism, including the characteristic aes-

thetic and material solutions used in that period. Standard

Fig. 8. The interiors of the Gdynia Główna Suburban Railway Station, 2021/2022 (before the start of conservation works):

a) view from the passage to the platform towards the cash desk, on the ground floor, b) the column hall on the first floor of the station building

(photo by A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

Il. 8. Wnętrza Dworca Kolei Podmiejskich Gdynia Główna, 2021/2022 (przed rozpoczęciem prac konserwatorskich):

a) widok z przejścia na peron w kierunku hallu kasowego, w części parterowej, b) sala kolumnowa na piętrze budynku dworcowego

(fot. A. Orchowska-Smolińska)

124 Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen

conservation documentation was prepared for this building

in a simplied form, treating it as contemporary architec-

ture, therefore with uncomplicated conservation issues. In

these relatively recent buildings such as railway station

complex in Gdynia, however, historical inquiry and detailed

analysis of transformations were extremely important.

Both buildings have a common feature – careful design

of expressive interiors using relatively cheap and ordinary

nishing materials. That is plywood, wood-like furniture

veneers, domestic limestones – “Morawica”, “Bolechowi-

ce”

as well as decorations using various paint coatings

“Morawica” limestone is one of the most popular and most fre-

quently used varieties of the Świętokrzyskie marble in the last century. This

variety, geologically representing Upper Jurassic limestones, was common-

ly used for oors, wall cladding and window sills in the Polish construction

of the 20

century. The stone from the Bolechowice deposits is a long-used

variety of the Świętokrzyskie marble. This is evidenced by stone products

made of this marble in monuments from the turn of the 16

and 17

cen-

turies, as well as in monumental construction of the 20

century.

and made with stucco methods. In the so-called column

hall, for example, the columns were nished with gyp-

sum plaster and covered with paint, which was then pol-

ished. The colour of the coating matched the colour of the

large window sills. These, in turn, were made of limestone

plates from “Morawica”.

In both station buildings, there are wall decorations

in the form of mosaics. In the SKM building, a mosaic

depicting fantastic animals is hidden in the room of the

former “WARS” fast food bar. The display of mosaics in

the public parts of the Main Railway Station after con-

servation works did not cause any problems. However,

the decision not to restore the function of the gastronomic

rooms in the SKM Railway Station meant that they will

not be displayed to the public at present (Fig. 9).

Particular attention should be paid to the details of

equip ment and decor in the revitalization activities. It is

impossible to present them all in this article, but it is worth

focusing on the chosen ones. Important elements designed

Fig. 9. The only wall mosaic

made of glass tiles preserved

in the interiors of the Gdynia

Główna Suburban Railway

Station. Designed by Teresa

Pągowska mosaic depicting

fantastic animals is hidden in

the former “WARS” fast food bar

(room currently inaccessible

to the public), 2016

(photo by A. Kriegseisen)

Il. 9. Jedyna mozaika ścienna

wykonana ze szklanych płytek

zachowana we wnętrzach

Dworca Kolei Podmiejskich

Gdynia Główna. Zaprojektowana

przez Teresę Pągowską mozaika

przedstawia fantastyczne

zwierzęta, „ukryta” jest

w pomieszczeniu dawnego baru

szybkiej obsługi „WARS”

(obecnie pomieszczenie jest

niedostępne publicznie), 2016

(fot. A. Kriegseisen)

Research procedures for the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia 125

Fig. 10. The ceiling recess of a skylight function located in the passage from the main hall to the platform of the suburban train:

a) view of ceiling recess having dimensions (364 × 351 cm) located centrally in the hall axis (photo by A. Orchowska-Smolińska, 2016),

b) embedded in the ceiling, a “glass prism”, the so-called rotalit, seen from below (photo by A. Orchowska-Smolińska, 2021),

c) a single glass piece with a specially developed top surface roughness, which allows the use of the so-called rotalites in ceilings

intended for pedestrian traffic. In the case of the discussed suburban station in Gdynia – in the surface of the terrace (source: [25, pp. 266, 267]),

d) reinforced concrete ceiling made of rotalites – cross-section (source: [25, pp. 266, 267]),

e) monolithic concrete glass structure, the principle of cross reinforcement (source: [26 drawing insert X])

Il. 10. Wnęka sufitowa o funkcji świetlika położona w przejściu z hallu głównego na peron SKM:

a) widok wnęki sufitowej o wymiarach 364 × 351 cm usytuowanej centralnie w osi hallu (fot. A. Orchowska-Smolińska, 2016),

b) osadzony w stropie „szklany pryzmat”, tzw. rotalit, w widoku od dołu (fot. A. Orchowska-Smolińska, 2021),

c) pojedyncza kształtka szklana ze specjalnie opracowaną chropowatością górnej powierzchni,

co umożliwia zastosowanie tzw. rotalitów w stropach przeznaczonych dla ruchu pieszego;

w przypadku omawianego dworca podmiejskiego w Gdyni – w płaszczyźnie tarasu (źródło: [25, s. 266, 267]),

d) strop szkłożelbetowy z rotalitów – przekrój (źródło: [25, s. 266, 267]),

e) monolityczna konstrukcja szkłożelbetowa, zasada zbrojenia krzyżowego (źródło: [26, wkładka rysunkowa X])

especially for the station building and manufactured to or-

der were window and door woodwork as well as wooden

furnishings in public interiors (e.g. wall paneling). Until

the research was developed, only the windows in the se-

micircular part on the rst oor (column room) have survi-

ved. These are wooden windows with a loom structure.

Their poor technical condition (degraded wood with a wa-

shed surface, the delaminated stiles, devoid of most of the

ttings, painted many times) made it necessary to replace

them with wooden windows, with divisions reconstructed

according to preserved designs, archival design drawings

and conservation research guidelines ( colours of wooden

e d

126 Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen

joinery). All the other windows, replaced with PVC, were

also to be reconstructed.

Another worth mentioning element of the historic post-

war interiors often used in the period of the construction

of the SKM Railway Station, and now rarely preserved,

are glass ttings as llings for ceilings [29], [30]. Such

was used in the station hall in the form of a ceiling skylight

(Fig. 10). It allowed natural light to enter the interior, which

was made possible by glass elements embedded in the ceil-

ing – round, hollow prisms (“Rothalit” type

). The sub-

stance of the glass-reinforced concrete ceiling has survived,

but the functionality related to transmitting light through

it – unfortunately not. As part of the renovation works, the

skylight will regain its original purpose, and the glass t-

tings and ceiling lling will be subjected to conservation.

Conclusions

Changes in the specicity of passenger trac on the

railways that have occurred since the construction of the

Gdynia station are dicult to question. The development

of the utility program for the modernization project and

its adaptation to the historical functions was not a serious

problem that could threaten the integrity of the monument.

The project respects and in many places restores the func-

tions indicated at the stage of conservation assumptions

and revitalisation concepts. Of course, due to the modern

function of the station, it is not possible to fully restore the

original interiors. In today’s conditions, there is no place

for the “WARS” bar or a cinema in the column room.

Nevertheless, the values of this great architecture will be

exposed thanks to renovation and conservation works.

The least durable turned out to be functions not directly

related to passenger transport, i.e. accompanying services.

With the loss of utility, in the place of the former fast food

bar “WARS”, auxiliary and administrative rooms of the

SKM (now Passenger Service Department)

were ar-

ranged. It proved impossible to restore the bar’s function

in its historic location, despite the mosaic wall decorations

inside the bar. The resignation from the function of a cafe

(originally a cinema hall) in the column hall took place

relatively soon after the station was open

. The two-sto-

rey high hall, atypical in its layout, has not been used for

a long time. Restoration of the gastronomic function in

this location of the station was ruled out by the investor.

As we nd in Jerzy Nechay’s practical guide to the use of con-

crete in construction, a new round shape of glass elements in the interwar

period with the trade name “Rothalit” for glass-concrete applications,

had a French patent [29, p. 266].

The latest renovation works on the premises of the former

“WARS” bar were carried out in 2016 as part of another project. It en-

visaged, among other things, the liquidation of the original joinery of the

entrance to the former bar, with its replacement with a new one. The doors

are designed to resemble the carpentry used in the main station, while the

style of the original window joinery of the suburban station is completely

dierent. The project was approved by PWKZ. The investor excluded the

previously renovated rooms from the current project, and thus the devel-

opment of the conservation project and the planned restoration

In the inventory from the 1980s, the column hall together with

the catering facilities of the former café was described as a “meeting

room” [28].

Due to the insucient space for the operation and techni-

cal supervision of SKM within the historical substance of

the station, the adaptation of the column hall to the “Mon-

itoring Center”

was a necessary compromise.

Summary

One of the basic conditions for the renovation of the

postwar Modern building of Gdynia Suburban Railway

Station was to restore the integrity of the monument by re-

moving any secondary elements that disrupted its historic

character. This applied primarily to kiosks and other stalls

(commercial or gastronomic points), built in the front el-

evation arcade, in the vestibules of entrances or along the

walls of the cashier’s hall. Also, all air conditioning units

ware to be dismantled from the façade, roof and terrace

visible from the platform side.

Thanks to thorough stratigraphic research, it was pos-

sible to determine the colour palette for both the hall and

staircase, as well as the column hall and external walls of

the SKM building.

Conservation guidelines also took into consideration

the issues of adapting the facility to new necessities. These

were the re safety requirements (locations of hydrants)

or the needs of people with reduced mobility, the blind and

the deaf (textural paths, attention elds, warning stripes).

Another important issue was the elimination of barriers

for the disabled inside the building (location of the lift-

ing platform). These necessary elements did not obliterate

the character of the original architecture of the station.

In such facilities as the Gdynia Suburban Railway Sta-

tion, conservation research, identication of various types

of wall/ oor materials and nishes, colour scheme and in-

terior details, are as important as in buildings with a more

complex history. Transformations and accidental repairs

of both the façade and the interior blur the original, careful

and valuable concept. Recognition of the design concept

and technology of implementation is the basic goal of re-

search and development of guidelines and programs for

conservation work.

Due to the fact that at the time of writing the article,

renovation works in the station building were still in prog-

ress, the nal results have yet to be seen. Only then, on

completion of the renovation works, will it be possible to

summarize the research and design process as well as the

execution works of restoring the building.

Translated by

Anna OrchowskaSmolińska

In detail – an adaptation of rooms for the needs of monitoring

service stations and technical supervision in the so-called “Center” with

the modernization of the Monitoring and Dispatching Oce of the SOK,

creation of a server room and the necessary backup facilities. The planned

adaptation and modernization included the construction of a mezzanine in

the sta cloakroom and the column room, openwork steel stairs based on

the mezzanine beams and on the existing ceiling, openings for door open-

ings in the load-bearing walls, entrance to the monitoring room and con-

ference room, installation of ventilation units on the +level 2, the introduc-

tion of a lifting platform for the disabled, making openings in ceilings and

walls for building installations, introducing an antenna mast on the roof.

Research procedures for the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia 127

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128 Anna Orchowska-Smolińska, Anna Kriegseisen

Abstract

The role and scope of architectural and conservation research procedures in the process of restoring the splendour

of an architectural monument created after 1945 on the example of the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia

Modern Movement buildings, despite their relatively recent construction, are sometimes aected by radical transformations of layout and form.

The railway stations being one of the most important public buildings in the city are a special group of them. Due to long-term and intensive use

they may bear the signs of exploitation of parts of its substance and have secondary transformations disharmony with the building. The subject of

the article are architectural and conservation studies of the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia, built in the mid-1950s. The authors of the article set

themselves the goal of presenting the research procedures developed for it in the years 2016–2022, which are an introduction to revaluation process.

The research methods used during the eld work made it possible to identify the originally used techniques of execution and nishing methods and to

determine the procedures for their reconstruction using conservation methods. The results of the conducted research became the basis for determining

the scope of conservation protection of the station building, as well as the possibility of interfering with its partly “functionless” substance through

adaptation and modernization activities.

Key words: architectural and conservation documentation, program of conservation and restoration works, architecture after 1945, revalorization,

Gdynia Suburban Railway Station

Streszczenie

Rola i zakres architektoniczno-konserwatorskich procedur badawczych

w procesie przywracania świetności zabytku architektury powstałej po 1945 r. na przykładzie Dworca Podmiejskiego w Gdyni

Budynki modernistyczne pomimo względnie nieodległego czasu powstania bywają dotknięte radykalnymi przekształceniami układu i formy.

Szczególną ich grupą są dworce, które jako jedne z najważniejszych budynków publicznych miasta z powodu długotrwającego i intensywnego użyt-

kowania mogą nosić znamiona wyeksploatowania fragmentów substancji oraz mieć wtórne nawarstwienia dysharmonizujące z obiektem. Tematem

artykułu są badania architektoniczne i konserwatorskie powstałego w połowie lat 50. XX w. Dworca Podmiejskiego w Gdyni. Autorki artykułu

postawiły sobie za cel przedstawienie opracowanych dla niego w latach 2016–2022 procedur badawczych stanowiących wstęp do działań rewalory-

zacyjnych. Zastosowane podczas prac terenowych metody badań pozwoliły na identykację oryginalnych technik wykonania i metod wykończenia

oraz określenie procedur ich odtwarzania metodami konserwatorskimi. Wyniki przeprowadzonych prac stały się podstawą wyznaczenia zakresu

ochrony konserwatorskiej budynku dworcowego i określenia możliwości ingerencji w jego częściowo pozbawioną funkcji substancję za pośrednic-

twem działań adaptacyjnych i modernizacyjnych.

Słowa kluczowe:

dokumentacja architektoniczno-konserwatorska, program prac konserwatorskich i restauratorskich, architektura po 1945, rewaloryzacja,

Dworzec Podmiejski w Gdyni