The role of World Heritage Sites in sustainable community development

On January 28, 2010 eight of the best examples of

wooden churches in western Ukraine were nominated to

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Department of Restoration and Reconstruction of Archi-

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sity. The selection process was carried out in cooperation

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the same time. The Ukrainian working group consisted of

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Department of Restoration and Reconstruction of Archi-

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these churches will be accepted this year.

The wooden churches in western Ukraine are unique

in the world of architecture for their style, construction,

and artwork. Due to the region’s history, local communi-

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bine not only the Greek Orthodox tradition, but also ele-

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They represent the local building styles of Old Hal-

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Ukrainian Orthodox churches, two as museums and one

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thodox faiths. The eight churches in order of construc-

tion are listed below. Their current use and location are

in parenthesis.

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of the Virgin Mary (Ukrainian Orthodox

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(Shared by Ukrainian Orthodox and Greek

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One of the goals of the nominating party was to engage

the local communities in the nomination process to deter-

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of the eight sites. The problem that presented itself was

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Hans Schneider*

The role of World Heritage Sites

in sustainable community development

The nominated wooden churches in Western Ukraine

2012

No. 2(32)

DOI: 10.5277/arc120212

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munities.

Sustainable community development and World Heritage Sites

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tion is not only an instrument for peace and reconciliation,

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tion is often the main reason for the nomination of a site in

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areas that are economically depressed.

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ral heritage a function in the life of the community and to

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oretical framework before proceeding too much further.

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of the present without compromising the ability of future

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ability because it allows the current residents the good use

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ULDPZHEVWHUFRPGLFWLRQDU\FRPPXQLW\DFFHVV

The role of World Heritage Sites in sustainable community development 77

them… With this information in hand, attention can turn

WRGHYHORSLQJDVWURQJFRPPXQLW\¿HOGWKDWUHSUHVHQWVWKH

interests of all segments of the population” [3, p. 386].

Areas of overlap among the values of the various groups

should be searched for. These can provide a starting point

for discussions on desired community development.

Naturally, sustainable community development is also

dependent on the local resources. These can be natural or

manmade. Resources affect not only community develop-

ment, but also the community groups themselves. If we

simply start to list the groups of people, the resources and

the types of community development, we get an expanded

view of how the system works. People can be broken into

social groupings, by numerous factors such as age, eco-

nomic position, racial lines, etc. Resources include natu-

ral and man-made and community development includes

such things as economic prosperity, civic pride, etc. Using

the interactional theoretical perspective, we end up with

DPRGHOOLNHWKHRQHVKRZQLQ)LJ7KLVLVDVLPSOL¿HG

view of sustainable community development and is meant

as a starting point for discussion.

Now that we have an initial framework on how com-

munities develop, we can apply this to World Heritage

Sites. As stated in the previous section, it is important to

GLVWLQJXLVKWKHYDULRXVVRFLDO¿HOGVWKDWFRPSULVHDFRP-

munity. In communities with World Heritage Sites, there

LVQ¶WRQHJURXSLQJRIVRFLDO¿HOGVWKDWPDWFKHVHYHU\VLWH

Therefore, community consultation is necessary to better

understand the groups within the community. Examples of

different groups may include those people who frequently

use the World Heritage Site and those who don’t (users vs.

non-users). Other examples may include educators who

view the sites differently because of their role in educat-

ing the community or tourism service providers who view

the sites as sources of revenue for themselves and their

companies.

In our example, the World Heritage Site acts as the re-

source, but it is also largely affected by other resources in

the community. For example, infrastructure has a large im-

pact on how World Heritage Sites can be used for sustain-

able community development. If a town lacks adequate

ORGJLQJRULVGLI¿FXOWWRDFFHVVWKLVZLOOOLPLWWKHUROHRI

the World Heritage Site to attract tourists and their associ-

DWHGEHQH¿WV

)RUWXQDWHO\WKHVRFLRHFRQRPLFEHQH¿WVRI:RUOG+HU-

itage Sites have been studied extensively. Although the

H[WHQWRIWKH EHQH¿WV LV VWLOO EHLQJGHEDWHGVWXGLHVKDYH

shown that there are at least 17 categories of potential

EHQH¿WV$VWXG\E\6FRWWLVK1DWXUDO+HULWDJHWLWOHG

³(FRQRPLF DQG (QYLURQPHQWDO %HQH¿WV RI :RUOG +HULW-

age Sites, Biosphere Reserves and Geoparks” found that

EHQH¿WVYDU\ZLGHO\IURPVLWH³GHSHQGLQJRQWKHUHVRXUFH

base of the site, the nature of the local economy, govern-

ance structures, and individuals involved” [4]. This makes

VHQVHDWLWVIDFHYDOXH&OHDUO\WKHUHDUHVLWHVSHFL¿FLVVXHV

that make each site unique and affect its socio-economic

EHQH¿WV RQ WKH VXUURXQGLQJ FRPPXQLW\ 7KHUHIRUH LW LV

unrealistic to expect that all sites can improve all 17 cat-

egories of socio-economic for the communities where they

are located.

$ VWXG\ E\3ULFHZDWHUKRXVH&RRSHUV 3Z& WKH

United Kingdom’s Department for Culture, Media and

Sport (UKDCMS), Cadw and Historic Scotland on the

EHQH¿WVRI:+6GHVLJQDWLRQLQWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPOLVWHG

eight potential areas of impact from WHS site designation.

These included:

1. “Partnership – WHS status is felt to increase the lev-

el of partnership activity through the consultation required

WRFUHDWHDQGIXO¿OOWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHPDQDJHPHQW

plan. The PwC research «tends to support with evidence

WKLVDUHDRI:+6EHQH¿Wª

$GGLWLRQDO)XQGLQJ±:+6VWDWXVLVIHOWWRLQFUHDVH

the levels of investment in conservation and heritage di-

rectly and other areas indirectly. The PwC research «tends

WRVXSSRUWZLWKHYLGHQFHWKLVDUHDRI:+6EHQH¿WªZLWK

the caveat that most additional funding is local/regional).

3. Conservation – WHS status is felt to result in greater

focus, planning care and investment of resources in good

conservation of sites. The PwC research «tends to strongly

VXSSRUW ZLWK HYLGHQFH WKLV DUHD RI :+6 EHQH¿Wª DV WKH

«quality of development around such sites may be supe-

ULRUª

4. Tourism – The PwC evidence suggests that the im-

pact on tourism is marginal – with the UK research sug-

JHVWLQJ LPSDFWV RI ± DQG PRUH IRU OHVV ZHOONQRZQ

sites. Visitor awareness of WHS is often relatively low for

existing sites.

5. Regeneration – the assumption that WHS is some-

how an automatic catalyst for regeneration, stimulating

inward investment, inward migration, and increased tour-

ism. This assumption is «not borne out by the (PwC) evi-

GHQFHWRGDWHª

6. Civic Pride – WHS status is felt to be a mechanism

IRU GHYHORSLQJ ORFDO FRQ¿GHQFH DQG FLYLF SULGH 7KH UH-

search «tends to support with evidence this area of WHS

EHQH¿WDVDVWURQJEHQH¿Wª

7. Social Capital – WHS status is felt to have the po-

tential for providing increased social unity and cohesion

)LJ6LPSOL¿HGYLHZRIFRPPXQLW\GHYHORSPHQWSURFHVVHGE\+6FKQHLGHU

,O8SURV]F]RQ\VFKHPDWSURFHVXUR]ZRMXVSRáHF]QRĞFLRSU+6FKQHLGHU

COMMUNITY

GROUPS









RESOURCES





COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT











78 Hans Schneider

through increasing opportunities for interaction and engage-

ment with local communities. The PwC research «tends to

VXSSRUWZLWKHYLGHQFHWKLVDUHDRI:+6EHQH¿Wª.

8. Learning and Education – WHS status is felt to be

a stimulus to developing learning and educational pro-

jects. The PwC research «tends to support with evidence

WKLVDUHDRI:+6EHQH¿Wª´>SS±@

The UKDCMS’ study found World Heritage Site desig-

nation appeared to be overstated for its impact on tourism

and regeneration. This contradicts other studies including

WKHVWXG\³(FRQRPLFDQG(QYLURQPHQWDO%HQH¿WVRI

World Heritage Sites, Biosphere Reserves and Geoparks”

which found that WHS designation enhanced the tourism

LPDJHDQGSUR¿OHRI WKH VLWH +RZHYHUDVWXG\E\

7DODQGLHUDQG 0DJDOL VHHPHG WRVXSSRUWWKH¿QGLQJ WKDW

WHS designation did not improve tourism. It “took an

econometric approach to tourism in a number of French

‘cantons’ (local area subdivisions), and attempted to iden-

tify causal variables in the context of tourism attraction,

local economic growth, and other variables. It also looked

DW EHIRUHDQGDIWHU :+6 LQVFULSWLRQ DQDO\VLV RQ ¿YH

VLWHV7KH¿QGLQJVZHUHWKDW:+6LQVFULSWLRQDORQHLVQRW

D VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQL¿FDQW FDXVH IRU LQFUHDVHG WRXULVP DW-

WUDFWLRQDOORWKHUWKLQJVEHLQJHTXDO´>S@

There may be many reasons why some studies show

a correlation in increased tourism and WHS designation

ZKLOHRWKHUVGRQRW$VWXG\E\5HGEDQNV&RQVXOWLQJ

and Trends Business for the Lake District World Heritage

Project of 878 WHS’s around the world found that many

“WHSs are achieving no tourism or regeneration impact

because they make no connection between what they see

as a conservation/heritage designation and these regenera-

WLRQHFRQRPLFREMHFWLYHV´>S@

The same study also found that out of the 878 WHS’s

DURXQGWKHZRUOGLWORRNHGDW³DSSUR[LPDWHO\±RI

WHSs appear to be doing little or nothing with the desig-

QDWLRQGLUHFWO\WR EULQJDERXWVLJQL¿FDQWVRFLRHFRQRPLF

impacts – they are not failing to deliver economic gain,

they are not even trying. The vast majority of WHS sites

across the world are, it appears, making no discernible

effort to use the designation to bring about such changes

WKH\DUHQRWLQYHVWLQJDQ\VLJQL¿FDQWUHVRXUFHLQDQ\LQL-

tiatives to bring about such changes and as such one would

not expect to see any impact of this kind) because they are

DERXWSUHVHUYLQJKHULWDJH´>S@/RFDOFRPPXQLWLHV

are missing opportunities if the people in charge of a World

Heritage Site focus only on its preservation. Instead con-

sultation of the local community is needed to determine

RWKHUGHVLUHGVRFLRHFRQRPLFEHQH¿WVRIWKHVLWHV DQG WR

develop a plan to pursue these objectives.

The Lake District World Heritage Study also revised

the categories of potential socio-economic develop-

ment at World Heritage Sites from the eight listed on the

UKDCMS study to twelve. This list kept three of the origi-

nal eight categories: regeneration, civic pride and educa-

tion and added nine more categories: media value, preser-

vation of heritage, new or improved identity, culture and

creativity, cultural glue, coordinated investment through

strategy, better and new services, business development

and quality infrastructure. Using the original twelve areas

of potential socio-economic improvement and the addi-

tional nine in the Lake District World Heritage Study gives

us a total of seventeen categories. It could be argued that

the Lake District World Heritage categories or the Price-

waterhouseCoopers categories should be used. However,

since both have been proven valid a combination thereof

are used for this paper.

Now, we can develop a clearer model of the role of

World Heritage Sites in sustainable community develop-

PHQW7KLVLVVKRZQLQ)LJ

“Cultural heritage is internationally recognized as one

of the factors of the development and welfare of a terri-

)LJ6LPSOL¿HGYLHZRIWKHUROHRI:RUOG+HULWDJH6LWHVLQ&RPPXQLW\'HYHORSPHQWHGE\+6FKQHLGHU

,O8SURV]F]RQ\VFKHPDWUROLRELHNWyZ]OLVW\G]LHG]LFWZD81(6&2ZUR]ZRMXVSRáHF]QRĞFLRSUDF+6FKQHLGHU

COMMUNITY

GROUPS

1. Users of Site

2. Non-Users

3. Local

Preservation

Organizations

4. Local

Government

5. Pensioners

6. Educators

7. Children

8. Local Tourism

Operators

WORLD HERITAGE

SITE

OTHER

RESOURCES

1. Local Economy

2. Government

Structure

3. Resource Base

4. Hotels and Other

Guest Services

COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT

1. Regeneration

2. Civic Pride

3. Education

4. Media Value

5. Heritage

Preservation

6. Identity

7. Culture &

Creativity

8. Cultural Glue

9. Coordinated

Investment

10. Services

11. Business

Development

12. Infrastructure

13. Partnership

14. Additional

Funding

15. Conservation

16. Tourism

17. Social Capital

The role of World Heritage Sites in sustainable community development 

tory and the individuals that live within it.” World Herit-

age Sites represent a unique opportunity to improve the

TXDOLW\RIOLIHIRUWKHVXUURXQGLQJFRPPXQLWLHV>S@

Clearly, not every World Heritage Site will be used for all

seventeen categories of socio-economic improvement.

However, it would be a missed opportunity if a site is only

used for one or a few categories of socio-economic im-

provements when it is viable and supported by the local

community to use it for more.

Returning to the interactional theoretical perspec-

tive of community development, it will be recalled that

“democratic participation in local decision-making” is an

important part of community development. It has been

shown that communities often feel left out in the decision-

making process concerning their cultural heritage sites.

While “World Heritage Site (WHS) designation is often

valued for the increased tourism and associated economic

EHQH¿WV LW EULQJV WR D UHJLRQ LW FDQ VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ OHDG

to the disenfranchisement and marginalization of local

communities”[5,]. Therefore, community involvement in

the use of World Heritage Sites is critical.

“Most models of sustainable development also include

stakeholder collaboration, and in particular community

empowerment, as a cornerstone of the development proc-

HVV´ > S @ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH  VWXG\ ³(FRQRPLF

DQG(QYLURQPHQWDO%HQH¿WVRI:RUOG+HULWDJH6LWHV%LR-

sphere Reserves and Geoparks” found that the socio-eco-

QRPLF EHQH¿WV RI:+6 GHVLJQDWLRQ ZHUH KLJKHU DW VLWHV

where buy-in from the local community was greatest. It

also found that “a system offering only limited and formal

involvement to the local population will have a minimal

LPSDFWRQFRPPXQLW\FDSDFLW\´DQGWKDW³ZKHUHFRQ¿GHQW

site management leaves power with strong local business-

HVDQG FRPPXQLW\ OHDGHUVHFRQRPLF DQG VRFLDOEHQH¿WV

PD\EHPDUNHG´>S@

There are numerous ways to involve the local com-

munity such as public meetings, surveys and interviews.

It would be wrong to say that this is a one step process.

Clearly communities do not develop in one step or only

one way. The models shown previously simplify the proc-

ess for the sake of clarity and numerous iterations occur.

Therefore, it is important that public consultation occurs

on a regular and frequent basis. In addition it would be

wise to start this consultation prior to and during the nomi-

nation process.

The survey process at the nominated wooden churches in Western Ukraine

Once the framework on the role of World Heritage Sites

in sustainable community development was established, a

survey for the wooden churches in Western Ukraine could

EHGHYHORSHG7KH¿UVWVWHSZDVWRLQFOXGHTXHVWLRQVWKDW

could help identify the various groups in the community

and their views on using their church to improve socio-

economic conditions in their community.

Questions about community groups included current

and past involvement at the church, age, education, oc-

cupation, and desire to remain in the community. In order

not to overwhelm the participants, questions were chosen

in eight of the seventeen categories of socio-economic im-

provements that could be provided by the churches. It was

desired to have a survey that was only three pages long



It was decided to focus the socio-economic questions on

preservation, regeneration, education, cultural glue, busi-

ness development, tourism and social capital.

Next, a geographic setting had to be selected. It would

have been nice to survey everyone in the towns with a

nominated church. However, this was an unrealistic goal

given that the largest city, Drohobych, has a population of

RYHU  UHVLGHQWV DQG FRYHUV RYHU  VTXDUH NLORP-

eters.

In addition, maps delineating town boundaries were

not available for many of the smaller communities, so it

would be hard to determine the boundaries of these villag-

es. Also, one of the churches, Saint Archangel Mykhailo

(Michael) at Uzhok is close to the border of the neigh-

boring village of Husny. Therefore, it was anticipated that

many of the people who use the church would be from this

village as well as Uzhok. By focusing solely on Uzhok,

these people would be left out.

Taking a random sample at town squares was also

considered. However, only Drohobych, Rohatyn, and

Zhovkva have town squares while the smaller towns do

not. Therefore, for the sake of consistency it was decid-

ed that the survey would be conducted at households at

DNLORPHWHUUDGLXVDURXQGWKHFKXUFKHV7KHERXQGDU\

maps located in the nominating documents for the wooden

churches were used as a as a reference point to locate the

churches.

,Q -XO\ DQG$XJXVW RI  HYHU\ KRXVHKROG ZLWKLQ

WKHNLORPHWHUUDGLXVZHUHJLYHQWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRUH-



Three pages was the maximum desired length of the survey not

only because we didn’t want to discourage people from answering by

making the survey too long, but also due to the fact that this is the maxi-

PXPQXPEHURISDJHVWKDWZLOO¿WLQDVHOIDGGUHVVHGVWDPSHGHQYHORSH

in Ukraine.

)LJ6XUYH\UHVSRQVHUDWHE\ORFDWLRQHGE\+6FKQHLGHU

,O:VSyáF]\QQLNRGSRZLHG]LDQNLHWRZDQ\FKZHGáXJORNDOL]DFML

RSUDF+6FKQHLGHU

70.0%

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%

Uzhok

Zhovkva

Yasinia

Rohatyn

Matkiv

Potelych

Drohobych

Nezhniy Verbiz

80 +DQV6FKQHLGHU

VSRQGWRWKHVXUYH\6XUYH\VZHUHDGPLQLVWHUHGGRRUWR

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to answer at that moment or use a self-addressed stamped

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returned. The responses are still being analyzed and the

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other bodies working on the nomination process and the

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tion of the sites.

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the communities with the highest response rates. There is

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en churches in western Ukraine had a limited amount of

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what they had.

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into ways that resources can be shared among the church-

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way the nominated churches can be incorporated into a

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nomic status of the communities they are located in while

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5LHNV6PHHWVDQG&DURO:HVWULNHGV:RUOG+HULWDJH0DQXDO3D-

ULV81(6&2:RUOG+HULWDJH&HQWUH1R

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inable community development³Journal of Rural Studies”, YRO

SS±

>@ +DPEUH\ &RQVXOWLQJ  6RFLDO economic and environmental

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6FRWWLVK1DWXUDO+HULWDJH&RPPLVVLRQHG5HSRUW1R52$0(

1R)1&

>@ .DXIPDQ+)Toward an interactional conception of community,

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9RO1RSS±

>@ 0H]LURZ -' Dynamics of Community Development, Scarecrow

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>@ 7XFNHU+(PJH$Managing a World Heritage Site: The Case of

Cappadocia >,Q@ Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism

and Hospitality Research9ROSS±

>@ :LONLQVRQ .3 The Community in Rural America, Greenwood

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>@:RUOG+HULWDJH6WDWXV,VWKHUH2SSRUWXQLW\IRU(FRQRPLF*DLQ",

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2009.

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G]LFWZD81(6&2

The role of World Heritage Sites in sustainable community development

Hans Schneider

doi:10.5277/arc120212

Abstract