Medieval malt house at 24–25 Mennicza Street in Wrocław

Aleksander Limisiewicz

doi:10.37190/arc230407

Abstract

The study concerns excavations carried out in the courtyard of the “Lord’s Malt House” located at 24–25 Mennicza Street in the Old Town of Wrocław, within the Malt House Quarter. They covered an undeveloped space measuring 24 m ×20 m. They were interpreted as the location of an earlier, medieval malt house. Archaeological investigations were carried out to determine the function and chronology of the uncovered objects. Some of them were related to the Renaissance “Lord’s Malt House”: a ceramic water pipe, an end casting, four negatives of pillars placed at the entrance to the malt house, presumably used to fix a crane intended for transporting building materials and grain and malt. The last structure, a well, functioned until the construction of the waterworks (first half of the 17th century) The other cavities were associated with the medieval malt house. It consisted of two production runs terminating in malt vats.

Keywords:
article
silesia
wrocław
middle ages
archaeology
malt house

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1(77)

Aleksander Limisiewicz*

Medieval malt house at 24–25 Mennicza Street in Wrocław

Introduction

In February 2007, the company “Akme” Zdzisław

Wiśniewski conducted archaeological and architectural

research in the undeveloped area of plots No. 70/2 and

70/3, Old Town precinct AM-37, located at 24–25 Men-

nicza Street in Wrocław. The excavations were carried

out in connection with the planned adaptation of the back

of a former industrial building for public utility purpos-

es – an underground car park. The research was led by

Dr. Roland Mruczek. Consultations during the archaeo-

logical work were provided by Prof. Jerzy Rozpędowski

and Dr. Czesław Lasota. They were largely based on the

results of earlier architectural research carried out by the

Institute of the History of Architecture, Art and Technolo-

gy at Wrocław University of Science and Technology. In

the 1980s, a study was published on early modern malt

houses in the Old Town of Wrocław [1]. The authors de-

voted particular attention to the “Lord’s Malt House” lo-

cated at 24–25 Mennicza Street, based on an analysis of

DOI: 10.37190/arc240107

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

the city plans, taking into account the course of the Malt

House Quarter, located south of the run of the rst moat,

between Ruska and Wierzbowa Streets (Fig. 1).

The surviving “Lord’s Malt House” was purchased by the

municipal authorities in 1565 from Count Rozdrażewski,

who had previously inherited it [1]. The authors assume

that it was probably built in the middle of the 16

century,

on the site of an older, medieval malt house that was

demolished during the construction of the Renaissance

one. As the paper contains an extensive description of the

preserved architectural structures, we will not cite them, but

we will make an orderly description of the archaeological

objects excavated during the earthworks leading to the

construction of the underground garage, remaining outside

the malt house in an area of 24 m × 20 m.

Excavation results

Seventeen archaeological objects were identied

during the excavations, in relation to which the original

function was sought to be established. In most cases, ar-

tefacts were recovered from the objects explored, which

made it possible to carry out their dating and to separate

two or three phases of use in general (Fig. 2).

* ORCID: 0000-0001-5136-905X. Construction and Archaeology

Department, “Akme” Zdzisław Wiśniewski, Poland, e-mail: aleksander-

limisiewicz@gmail.com

Abstract

The study concerns excavations carried out in the courtyard of the “Lord’s Malt House” located at 24–25 Mennicza Street in the Old Town of

Wrocław, within the Malt House Quarter. They covered an undeveloped space measuring 24 m ×20 m. They were interpreted as the location of an

earlier, medieval malt house. Archaeological investigations were carried out to determine the function and chronology of the uncovered objects.

Some of them were related to the Renaissance “Lord’s Malt House”: a ceramic water pipe, an end casting, four negatives of pillars placed at the

entrance to the malt house, presumably used to fix a crane intended for transporting building materials and grain and malt. The last structure, a well,

functioned until the construction of the waterworks (first half of the 17

century) The other cavities were associated with the medieval malt house.

It consisted of two production runs terminating in malt vats.

Key words: Silesia, Wrocław, Middle Ages, archaeology, malt house

1(77)/2024

Medieval malt house at 24-25 Mennicza Street in Wrocław 59

We will begin our discussion of the exposed cavities

with objects directly related to the “Lord’s Malt House”,

whose chronology exceeds the mid-16

century. We have

included objects No. 1 and No. 2. The rst is a ceramic

water-pipe running from north to south, along the east-

ern wall of the building, in its northern section. The water

supply trench cut the course of the building layer and was

supported by brick osets, clearly indicating that it had

already been laid after the construction of the early Re-

naissance malt house. We also notice that the pipeline was

laid more than 1 m higher than the ordinates of most clay

water mains discovered to date. We presume that this oc-

curred after Hans Schneider von Lindau built another wa-

ter main in 1596, supplying water from a reservoir located

in the water tower by means of a water pump [2]. Based

mainly on ceramic fragments from the backll of the ex-

cavation, the retrieved ceramic pipes and the dandelion

tiles covering them were also dated to the 14

to 15

cen-

tury [3]. In our opinion, the waterworks were constructed

after 1565, but not earlier than the rst half of the 17

century, in the period immediately following the construc-

tion of Hans Schneider von Lindau’s rurmus. Fragments

of vessels excavated from the backll of object No. 2 date

to this period. This was the nal lagoon to which the ce-

ramic water supply discussed earlier was fed.

The next objects – cavities Nos. 7–9 and No. 12 – are the

negatives of the pillars, concentrated near the descent to the

malt house. A wooden platform serving the communication

of the rst oor and above could rest on them. They may

also be the negatives of pillars on which a crane for lifting

grain sacks or a structure associated with the construction

of the “Lord’s Malt House” could have been mounted.

The overview of structures from the younger phase

of the development closes with object No. 13, a dredge

well. It was not manually excavated to foundation level

for safety reasons. Fragments of vessels dating from the

to the 19

century were recovered from the backll.

It was established after the abandonment of an older well

(object No. 3) and served an older, medieval malt house.

By the time the waterworks were built (objects Nos. 1

and 2) it was probably already serving employed workers

and local residents. It is possible that it was in use for

some time after the construction of an outbuilding in the

mid-19

century, where the water intake point was locat-

ed in the basement. The tap well had two phases of use.

The older one, dating from the 14

to 15

century, was

characterised by its large dimensions of 2.5 m and 2.8 m.

It was ve times larger than the sumps of other wells

unearthed in Wrocław and twice as large as well 7 from

Gdańsk [4]. Repairs to the sump were carried out between

the 16

and 17

centuries. It was most likely covered by

a roof in both these phases to limit the entry of debris.

It was not until the introduction of a single line of ceramic

water supply terminating in a spout (objects Nos. 1 and 2)

in the 16

/17

century that the basin was further rebuilt

and halved in size. In its youngest phase of use, it was

equipped with a brick sump, dating from the 18

to 19

centuries, with an internal diameter of 1.2 m. We therefore

presume that the well of the oldest phase served the early

modern malt house before the construction of the ceramic

waterworks (objects Nos. 1 and 2).

The older phase of the development of the plot is dat-

ed to the 13

to 14

century. Object No. 3 (a bore well)

belongs to it. A large brick pillar was built near it in the

later period (mid-19

century), which threatened to col-

lapse during the exploration of the well and therefore its

foundation was not reached. The ceramic material re-

trieved was from the upper parts of the backll. Therefore,

we can only determine the time of its abandonment and

backlling to the 14

century. Similarly, the time horizon

for the use of object No. 4, a set of vats, within which

at least six phases of use have been identied, has been

Fig. 1. Wrocław, Old Town,

Malt House Quarter

(according to the Weihners’ plan)

Il. 1. Wrocław, Stare Miasto,

Kwartał Słodowników (według

planu Weihnerów)

60 Aleksander Limisiewicz

established. There is no doubt that the ceiling parts of the

object were destroyed, but it would be dicult to move

the time of their use beyond the 14

century. Object No. 5,

interpreted as an outbuilding, set in the immediate vicinity

of the vat complex described above, is similarly dated. It

appears to have been constructed during the nal period

of use of this phase, as indicated by the repeated ceramic

assemblages dating only to the 14

century.

With this group of objects, dating from the rst phase

of settlement, another cavity, marked No. 10, of small

size, containing single fragments of vessels also dating

from the second half of the 13

and 14

centuries, can be

associated. The function of this object has not been clear-

ly dened and during the description the possibility of its

connection with communication with the upper oors of

the medieval malt house (object No. 17) was considered.

Also associated with the production complex of objects

Nos. 3–6 is cavity No. 11. This was a small dugout with

a skeletal structure above ground and an earthen part en-

closed by log walls. Its chronology, based on the dating of

pottery fragments, dates to the second half of the 13

the 14

century.

Similarly dated buildings make up a complex of three

structures (Nos. 14–16), covering a total of six settlement

phases, most likely diachronic, free-standing cellars de-

signed to store means of production (tools, non-mass raw

materials). They may also have been used as a shelter or

resting place for workers, but rather to the exclusion of

a residential function. The single pottery fragments recov-

ered from the stratigraphically oldest levels date generally

from the 13

century and are characterised by the absence

or small number of specimens of steel-grey pottery. Most

of the fragments, however, are dated to the period between

the second half of the 13

century and the 14

century.

A small collection, mainly from the upper layers (1–0)

of object No. 15, is also dated to the 15

–16

centuries.

We believe that the youngest phases of this building were

still in place during the construction of the “Lord’s Malt

House” or the building that preceded it, but after the trans-

formation of the plot.

The overview of sites containing single fragments of

–14

century pottery closes with building No. 17.

It was discovered to a small extent, based on the docu-

mented prole and single fragments of pottery. Its size

was reconstructed on the basis of the extent of the east

wall. The western wall should not exceed the recon-

structed western boundary of the plot. If we place all

the objects of 13

and 14

century metrics within the

18.8 m × 37.6 m rectangle, we obtain the hypothetical

course of the original parcel (Fig. 1), most likely before

subsequent adjustments.

The next site, an assemblage of overlapping vats marked

No. 6, contained a repeated set of vessels, framed by dates

to the second half of the 13

century and the 14

centu-

ry. As at least thirteen phases of redevelopment associated

with a new vat setting were distinguished within it, we be-

lieve that it was active throughout the production period.

Within the site, a small pit containing pottery from the 14

to 17

centuries stands out, most likely created during the

period of use of the Renaissance “Lord’s Malt House”.

The structures from the older phase of the development,

dating from the 13

to the 16

century, represent two pro-

duction lines, running from south to north. The rst of

these, located at the eastern edge of the site, consisted of

four cavities (Nos. 3–5 and No. 11). Structures No. 5 and

No. 11 were identied as outbuildings with a quadrangu-

lar outline and measuring 2 × 2 m, most likely connected

to each other and leading to a large structure (No. 4) with

a gure-of-eight shape. It was originally formed by two

large barrels (vats) 2 m and 2.5 m in diameter. Both were

directly adjacent to each other. It is possible that another

barrel was adjacent on the north–west side, but this may

have been destroyed during the setting of the brick pillar

in the mid-19

century. Adjacent to these three structures

on the east side was a fourth (No. 3). It connected to a vat

dug into the ground. This was a well with a square-shaped

projection and measuring 0.8 m × 0.9 m. In this case we

would probably be dealing with a separate production line.

The second line was a single object (No. 6), located

to the west of the rst line, dened by objects Nos. 3–5

and No. 11. In plan it was pear-shaped, oval on the north

side and narrowing on the south side. The narrower part

was over 2 m long and the extended northern part reached

over 3 m long and 2.8 m wide. This part of the site was

located 6 m west of the older phase of the younger well

(object No. 13). Our guess is that water was transferred

Fig. 2. Wrocław, Stare Miasto, 24–25 Mennicza St., projection

of the “Lord’s Malt House” and archaeological objects

(according to [1], digital compilation by A. Limisiewicz)

Il. 2. Wrocław, Stare Miasto, ulica Mennicza 24–25,

rzut „Słodowni Pańskiej” oraz obiekty archeologiczne

(według [1], oprac. cyfrowe A. Limisiewicz)

Medieval malt house at 24-25 Mennicza Street in Wrocław 61

directly from the well to object No. 6, where a stave vat,

dug into the ground, was placed within the extended lot.

A small dugout was located between the older phase of

the well and the vat (object No. 11). The malting process

was described by Dobieslaw Karst [5]. We conjecture that

it was demolished and the basin associated with the fa-

cility was backlled to facilitate communication and wa-

ter transfer. It is most likely that the two production lines

were diachronic or used synchronously after the destruc-

tion of object No. 11 and the commissioning of the large

well (object No. 13).

A discussion of the presence of six overlapping cellars

needs to be completed. They were located in the southern

part of the courtyard, in its eastern part. They have been

identied as structures 14–16. Originally, this was probably

a narrow and long building measuring at least 4 m × 10 m.

It consisted of three sections. Only their ground-oor, dug-

in parts – the cellars – have survived (objects No. 14–16).

After a period of use, they underwent far-reaching trans-

formations. These consisted rst of a gradual lling in of

the cellar cavities, and later of a complete backlling of

the cellars. In the next stage, the outline of the building

was enlarged, at least on the west side, and a further three

cellar cavities were excavated. Unlike the previous ones,

these were oriented with the longer axis from south–east

to north–west. They were marked with the same numbers,

but with the letter “a” added. This allows us to assume that,

within the courtyard, we are most likely dealing with two

phases of timber-framed buildings, which not only formed

two diachronic lines of production, but also basement

complexes over which one- and two-storey above-ground

buildings were placed. Insofar as our guesses are correct,

the older phase of the development was formed by build-

ings Nos. 3–4, No. 11 and Nos. 14–16, in which case the

second phase of the development would have been formed

by buildings No. 6, No. 13, No. 14a, No. 15a and No. 16a.

A separate issue is the possible presence of a large

building occupying the western part of the courtyard of

the “Lord’s Malt House”. In the course of the research

carried out, its presence was not found in the plane. The

reason for this may have been the earthworks carried out

earlier leading to the foundation of a large Renaissance

building. The only indication is the presence of negatives

of the structure within the northern prole.

At a depth of 1.2 m, a sequence of layers almost 0.8 m

thick and over 1 m wide was captured. These were formed

by horizontal deposits of grey and brown humus, inter-

spersed with insets of grey, yellow or cream coloured

sand. The bottom parts of the exploratory excavation were

lled with yellow sand with levels of hardpan. These indi-

cate strong hydration of the sandy subsoil. Above this was

a layer of brown humus mixed with sand, over twenty cen-

timetres thick. This rested on two separate beds of creamy

sand about 30 cm long and 8 cm thick. We presume that

the ne cream-coloured sand percolated below the large

drainpipes, which, once the void had been silted up, were

taken up and reused for the same purpose after re-laying.

Our guess is that the operation was repeated several times,

resulting in the bedded layer described above.

The rst cycle of stratication closes with an eight-cen-

timetre-thick deposit of a horizontal layer of brown hu-

mus with sand and chert. Above this was a 15–18 cm

thick mixture of ne sand and grey clay. Three insets of

creamy sand, 18–23 cm long and 5–6 cm thick, were ob-

served in its roof. These are most likely to be the backll

of laths removed from the subsoil. They rested stacked

along a north-south line. Above the pile of dismantled

laths was a horizontal layer 11–16 cm thick, also lled

with cream-coloured sand. On top of this, a layer of brown

humus 5–10 cm thick mixed with sand was recorded. In

its ceiling were three semi-circular impressions lled with

yellow sand with humus. The diameter of the impressions

Fig. 3. Wrocław, Stare Miasto, 24–25 Mennicza St., object no. 17, profile (drawing by A. Limisiewicz)

Il. 3. Wrocław, Stare Miasto, ulica Mennicza 24–25, obiekt nr 17, profil (rys. A. Limisiewicz)

62 Aleksander Limisiewicz

was 11–13 cm. These are most likely to be areas of re-

moved or rotten joists and silted with sand.

In our opinion, the described layering system is a rem-

nant of a wooden structure dug into the ground to a depth

of about 1 m. It seems that the hollow was conducive to

the germination of the grain accumulated here, this was

also pointed out by the authors of a previous study [5].

From the second half of the 13

to the rst half of the

century, at least three phases were observed to ll the

originally dug-in building. We conjecture, the ground also

built up outside the building, constantly leaving the bot-

tom of its interior below the level of its courtyard.

The captured remains of the structure also require clar-

ication. Probably these were the wide draperies covering

the bottom of the object (F1 and D2) and the joists (C1).

These were most likely laid crosswise and created voids

below the oor drapes into which water dripped, silting

up the voids. This is an arrangement typical of rostrums,

where grains were germinated after being soaked in a vat.

A similar structure was exposed within Trench IIIF at

Ostrów Tumski in Wrocław [7] or in the Cistercian malt

house exposed in Świdnica [6].

It has been assumed that the alleged roasting plant con-

tinued in a southerly direction and was part of the malt

house occupying the plot of land at 24–25 Mennicza

Street, although it can be assumed that it may have been

the southern edge of the roasting plant built in Słodowa

Street (now Kazimierza Wielkiego Street).

On the basis of the surviving remains of timber structures

uncovered by the excavations, we can conclude with some

probability that they formed two building axes. One was

the surviving relics of cellars, arranged along a south-north

line at the eastern edge of the plot. The accompanying two

production lines were most likely diachronic. The second

axis of development may have been the rostrum (object

No. 17), located on the west side of the plot. Connecting the

two axes of development to the north may have been covered

production lines. In this case it would have been a saturated

development of a separate part of the plot. Together they

would have surrounded the maltings courtyard. We can

guess that there may have been a front building on the south

side, enclosing the circumferentially described workshop.

However, we do not know from which side the hearth was

adjacent to the roasting house. It was most likely located

directly adjacent to its outer contour [5].

We nd similarly shaped buildings on the Weihner plan

at the junction of Mennicza and Wierzbowa Streets, on the

north side (former Wehner barracks, 19 Mennicza Street).

We assume that the authors of the study of the Renais-

sance “Lord’s Malt House” had this particular develop-

ment in mind when writing about medieval malt houses

(Fig. 4). If we trace the character of the buildings in the

maltings quarter, we can nd more solutions of the kind

not found in other quarters of Wrocław. Particularly note-

worthy are the large rostrum buildings.

Complementing our considerations is an analysis of the

discovered pit 6, which represents the remains of a sec-

ond, younger line dating to the 14

–15

/16

century.

A description was included in the study of the results of

the research carried out at 24–25 Mint Street, as well as of

the other sites [8].

Within the prole of the site, layers Nos. 1–38 were

identied, mostly in a horizontal arrangement, being

the backlls of ramps leading from the south towards

the north, and successive relics of wooden vats used for

steeping malt (Nos. 1–2, No. 16, Nos. 21–22, No. 26,

No. 29, No. 32, No. 37). In plan, the building had an oval

outline, tapering on both sides on the south side, giving

it a ask or bowling pin shape. Its longitudinal axis was

oriented from south to north. Its overall length was 5.2 m

and its width was 2.8 m. The length of the oval part was

3.8 m. In its oor, concentric sandy layers of brown or

grey colour were observed, resulting from the presence

of added humus, decomposed wood or clay. In the central

part, an oval outline measuring 1.8 m × 1.9 m and lled

with yellow sand was observed. On the north–eastern side,

its course was partially eroded by a later trench.

In cross-section, the pit was approximately trough-

shaped, plunging stepwise towards the north (Fig. 5). Its

length was 5.2 m, and the total documented depth reached

1 m. The ll of the site consisted of successive horizon-

tally arranged layers, composed of sand, sand mixed with

humus and humus. Some of these contained decomposed

or burnt wood fragments and a small clay component.

Nine cardinal structural layers were distinguished during

the exploration. During the stratigraphic analysis carried

out, additional structural relics were further distinguished.

As the reconstructed building structures not only lay on

top of each other, but were also displaced within the cav-

ity, the analysed ll was divided into sectors, comprising

packages of layers related to the individual phases of use

of the cavity and ordered in a cycle of chronological suc-

cession. A simplied “realistic” prole will be used for the

description, comprising layers forming successive settle-

ment phases (Fig. 5). The strata will be numbered, possi-

bly in chronological sequence from the stratigraphically

oldest to the youngest. However, this is not the classic Ed-

ward C. Harris diagram [9], as the remains of imperma-

nent and demolished structures are described here. Hence

the impossibility of establishing multiple layers, but more

importantly of establishing the nature of the contacts oc-

curring between them. A continuous numbering of layers

in the reconstructed chronological sequence has been ad-

opted, realising that this perhaps includes hiatuses result-

ing from existing unrecorded destruction surfaces.

Fig. 4. Wrocław, Old Town,

17 Mennicza St., medieval malt

house (according to the

Weihners’ plan)

Il. 4. Wrocław, Stare Miasto,

ulica Mennicza 17, słodownia

średniowieczna (według planu

Weihnerów)

Medieval malt house at 24-25 Mennicza Street in Wrocław 63

Summary

The medieval malt houses, which existed for about

four hundred years (1250–1650), were subject to renova-

tions and alterations, which protected them from expected

destruction. In our opinion, in the rst phase (mid-13

century and 14

century) they were formed by the rst

production line (objects Nos. 4–5 and No. 11) and the as-

sociated wooden well (object No. 3). To the south of these

were the pits (objects Nos. 14–16). These were the cellars

of what was probably a long above-ground building. We

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Wrocław 2002, 9–45.

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wicz A., Stratygraa procesu osadniczego w obrębie wykopu IIIF

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Streszczenie

Średniowieczna słodownia przy ulicy Menniczej 24–25 we Wrocławiu

Opracowanie dotyczy prac wykopaliskowych przeprowadzonych na dziedzińcu „Słodowni Pańskiej” znajdującej się przy ulicy Menniczej 24–25

na Starym Mieście we Wrocławiu, w obrębie Kwartału Słodowników. Obejmowały one niezabudowaną przestrzeń o wymiarach 24 m × 20 m.

Interpretowano je jako miejsce usytuowania wcześniejszej, średniowiecznej słodowni. Prowadzone badania archeologiczne miały na celu określenie

funkcji i chronologii odkrywanych obiektów. Część z nich była związana z renesansową „Słodownią Pańską”: ceramiczny wodociąg, rząp końcowy,

cztery negatywy słupów umieszczone przy wejściu do słodowni, przypuszczalnie służące do umocowania dźwigu przeznaczonego do transportu

materiałów budowlanych oraz ziarna i słodu. Ostatni z obiektów, studnia, funkcjonował do czasu wybudowania wodociągu (pierwsza połowa XVII

wieku). Pozostałe jamy były związane ze średniowieczną słodownią. Tworzyły ją dwa ciągi produkcyjne zakończone kadziami słodowymi.

Słowa kluczowe: Śląsk, Wrocław, średniowiecze, archeologia, słodownia

presume that the eastern edge of the development, marked

the original extent of the plot.

The malt house was rebuilt in the 15

century to the

rst half of the 16

century. Its course was marked by

a second production line (pit No. 7) and younger phases

of cellar pits (objects No. 14a, No. 15a and No. 16a) and

a newly constructed well (object No. 13). The presence

of a second rostrum along the western edge of the plot

was not conrmed. It is likely that its extent was shorter

on the north side than in the rst phase of development or

remained unchanged.

References

Fig. 5. Wrocław Old Town, 24–25 Mennicza St., structure no. 6, profile (digital processing by A. Limisiewicz)

Il. 5. Wrocław, Stare Miasto, ulica Mennicza 24–25, obiekt nr 6, profil (rys. A. Limisiewicz)